[1-01] MEDIA AND MEMORY (PART I): ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES IN HISTORY and [1-07] MEDIA AND MEMORY (PART II): PERSONAL AND PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES ON COLLECTIVE MEMORY Sarah Quick (Indiana University), Kate Costello (Indiana University), Sebastian Braun (Indiana University) The panel examines how memories are collectively and individually created and recreated through media. The papers challenge and primacy of institutional histories by looking at the relationships of individual and collective remembrance. Individual papers cover various media including photography, video, music, dance, museums, monumental architecture, and oral and written text. All of these media allow different perspectives on how memories are conceived. Thus taken together these papers offer a more constructive view of media and memory and try to provoke a more inclusive approach to either topic. Specific examples are drawn from time periods spanning from the 19th to the 20th century and different ethnographic settings ranging from Italy to North America. Focal points are family photographs; migrant community videos; oral, historical, and fictional accounts of a massacre; photography in advertising; Moldovan public spaces; autobiographies as historical documents; Metis fiddling and jigging; and ethnographic video. In examining the process of memory formation, these papers approach cultural products (media) as mediations of memory. We assert that the transformation of history into memory and the relationship between individual and collective remembrance is made evident through various forms of media beyond just written documents.

[1-02] TOURISM RESEARCH: INCORPORATING A HUMAN DIMENSION ACROSS DISCIPLINES Ann Reed (Indiana University), Lena Mortensen (Indiana University) Over the course of the last twenty years, tourism has grown into a dominant strategy for economic development worldwide. This multi-dimensional topic, which once commanded minimal respect and attention among anthropologists, has exploded recently to become one of the fastest growing areas of interest and research in the social sciences. This panel brings together a range of disciplinary perspectives to examine the human dimension of tourism in order to benefit from the variation in approaches and concerns in this area of mutual interest. Individual cases draw on research in sociocultural anthropology, geography, archaeology, and political science in Africa and Latin America.

[1-03] DIRECTIONS IN UNDERGRADUATE ETHNOGRAPHY Daniel N. Seymour (Ball State University), Lawrence A. Kuznar (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) These papers represent some directions being taken by undergraduate ethnographers at Ball State University and Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne. Each presenter is involved in independent research projects, covering such topics as gender relations, socialization and technology, and the ways that an anthropological perspective can influence personal experiences. Each paper suggests, in some ways, that ethnographic research at the undergraduate level is a positive, and ultimately necessary, element of a student's training in anthropology.

[1-04] THE DESTINY OF THE BODY Sue Kenyon (Butler University), Nina Corazzo (Valparaiso University) The members of this panel are all concerned with activities that affect the course of one's life. One participant will discuss the cultural and socio-sexual ramifications of circumcision on the female body. Another will address how muscle enlargement undertaken by body builders has led to the construction of the freaky female body. In addition, the impact of the dead body on the activities of those who mourn the deceased will be talked about in a study of Appalachian mourning quilts. Finally, four undergraduate students will investigate how, in an attempt to forecast the future, students at Valparaiso University have taken to consult the stars.

[1-05] COSMOLOGY AS COSMOGONY IN INDIGENOUS COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN NARRATIVES Nestor Quiroa (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) Indigenous narratives that emerged during the European subjugation and colonization of Latin America in the 16th and 17th centuries offer the best sources for native understandings of cosmogony -- the creation of the universe and humankind and the subsequent establishment of social and political institutions. Cosmogonic accounts are significant representations of cosmology, defined by Annette Weiner as "the cultural resources that societies draw on to reproduce themselves." Because they account for the creation of the world and the history of society, often including the Spanish incursions, these narratives have typically been analyzed by dividing them into two parts considered to be unrelated to each other and frequently investigated by different scholars with contrasting agendas. The cosmogonic portions have been relegated to studies of myth and religion, while the stories of kings and battles are treated as garbled history that must be corrected to construct a true chronology. This symposium takes a different approach, following Terrence Turner's syntagmatic treatment of narratives as having an internal order such that the symbolic representations in any episode or event are necessarily related to those in other episodes by virtue of their sequential positioning within the same story. Case studies from highland Guatemala (Título de Totonicapán), central Mexico (Leyenda de los Soles), and the central Andes (Huarochiri Manuscript) will demonstrate that, rather than being a jumble of unrelated episodes, some of which are "myth" and others "history," these indigenous narratives preserve a coherent, unifying structure by which cosmogony and history account for cosmology and society.

[1-06] FROGS, FORTS, AND FAMINES: UNCOMMON EXPLORATIONS IN THE "HIDDEN LIFE" OF COMMON THINGS Nobuko Adachi (Illinois State University) All objects of material culture in a society exist on a multitude of levels. Such articles could include everything from plainly iconic items necessary for subsistence to the highly symbolic forms found in religious artifacts. But sometimes a close examination of material culture can reveal aspects of a society or community previously unsuspected. This panel explores three such cases. Brown and Rushing examine the somewhat unusual and restricted amphibian-style effigy pipes found in the central Midwestern United States to explain some particular kinds of trade and culture contact found among Late Woodland peoples in Oklahoma, Illinois, and Ohio. Harner uses a set of mundane items -- various kinds of kitchenware -- to show that the everyday lives of Irish peasants at the time of the Great Famine were hardly as parochial and limited as is often thought. Dellinger uses settlement distributions and burial patterns to show that peoples in the central Illinois River valley were not the peaceful "noble savages" given in early accounts, but instead were often at war with one another. In all these archaeological case studies, the hidden lives or functions of ordinary things play a critical role in important ethnographic exegesis.

[1-08] INSCRIBING HISTORIES: USES OF NARRATIVE AND TEXT IN AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES Christina E. Burke (Indiana University), Mindy J. Morgan (Indiana University) Since its beginnings, American Indian ethnology has been an important area within American cultural anthropology, and the recording and analysis of narratives and texts have been the cornerstone of this work. Both of these modes of inscription are vital to understanding the past and the present of native North American communities. Early travelers' accounts, missionary records, and anthropological monographs continue to sustain the work of current ethnography by providing necessary empirical data. Narratives, both historical and contemporary, recorded during fieldwork provide a fundamental perspective from within Native communities. In theoretical works, however, the two modes have often been placed in opposition to each other. These papers illustrate how the varying modes are dynamically related to and complement each other by focusing on the uses and interpretations of text and narrative within Native communities in Canada and the United States. In addition to being modes of transmission, narrative and text serve as multivalent symbols, rich with meaning, for these communities. The presenters draw upon multiple methods including ethnohistorical, linguistic, and symbolic analysis.

[1-09] CONSTRUCTING MORALITIES THROUGH BODY, SELF, AND SOCIETY Heather L. Lindkvist (University of Chicago) The fundamental question underlying the panel is how morality is constructed within different cultural contexts. Specifically, this panel considers the way in which morality -- what is considered "good" or "beautiful" within a given culture -- is articulated through the body, self, and society. The body as a site of practice, and as a reflection of culturally prescribed norms regarding ideal shape, form, comportment, and dress, indicates through conformity to these norms, that the individual is a moral being. The self represents the subjective experience of how the individual considers herself to reflect the moral order. Individual papers will discuss how society, via the body and the self, enforces, or attempts to enforce, moral norms. These papers will focus on a variety of cultural contexts, including India, the Czech Republic, and the United States. By noting that the moral is plural, this panel contends that moral beliefs are not necessarily transferable across cultural contexts. In fact, moralities often do conflict, as is often demonstrated in cases of assimilation. While there may be principles regarding right or wrong that are shared across cultures, however, how these principles are expressed is variable. This panel will address the variability in expression of moral beliefs and the ensuing conflicts that may occur when these beliefs collide. The individual papers integrate anthropological and psychological perspectives concerning the construction of morality. They consider how cultural notions about health, mental health, social status, and gender incorporate moral understandings of the world, and how these understandings are expressed by, and in turn affect, such notions.

[1-10] OLD WINES IN NEW BOTTLES, NEW WINE IN OLD BOTTLES, AND NOT A DROP TO DRINK: NEW VIEWS ON SYNCRETISMS AND RECONTEXTUALIZATIONS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY James Stanlaw (Illinois State University) When cultures come into contact, numerous things are possible. One of the most intriguing and important developments is syncretism, that resulting admixture that comes from the blending of old traits to form new complexes. Syncretisms are especially interesting when combined with recontextualizations, that process whereby old elements become transplanted into new soil to grow species of a different kind. In this panel, we explore some of these syncretic processes as they synthesize in new venues, contexts, or social spaces. Kardys explores how a rather obscure Brazilian martial-art form has influenced breakdancing, a thoroughly American art. Abraham demonstrates how Spiritualism, a nineteenth century religious movement, continues to have an impact in America, even into the new millennium. Mierendorf shows that religious syncretisms in some island societies have allowed them to maintain their polytheistic way of life; however, these syncretisms also put them at great cultural risk. These papers all suggest that the study of syncretic processes and their contexts are of the utmost importance for both ethnographic description and ethnological theory. And as the world becomes a smaller, if not more volatile, place, such investigations become even all the more necessary.

[1-12] PERSPECTIVE ON PERSPECTIVES: WHAT YOU KNOW WHEN YOU THINK YOURSELF ELSEWHERE Ilana Gershon (University of Chicago) This panel will explore the knowledges that people construct by projecting themselves imaginatively into other subject positions or perspectives. Shifting perspectives has been a traditional analytical tool among scholars for creating innovation and theoretical insights. In this panel, we are moving our attention from how anthropologists shift perspectives to how people in their everyday life do so. We want to ask questions about types of projections ethnographically, investigating the types of knowledge (and its limitations) that people lay claim to through this process. We explore the role of perspectives in ethnographic moments of (non)empathy, of topographical simulations, and of managing (literally) others. The papers range from an account of how people imaginatively enter simulated spaces in the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry to an ethnographic analysis of Samoans for whom certain empathies are hazardous.

[2-01] and [2-09] CONTAINERS, CONNECTORS AND OTHER RELATIONS, SHAPING SPACE AND TIME (PART I and PART II) Myrdene Anderson (Purdue University), Evelyn Blackwood (Purdue University), Felicia Roberts (Purdue University); [3-05] CONTAINERS AND CONNECTORS IN SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA: CONTAINERS, CONNECTORS AND OTHER RELATIONS, SHAPING SPACE AND TIME (PART III) Myrdene Anderson (Purdue University), Mary Daniels (Centre College), Phyllis Passariello (Centre Center) Our material, mental, and social worlds flow and segment, and ripple and fuse, with lives of their own. People tend to accept how their language-cum-culture imposes certain regimes of order while masking others, and how the same language and culture just as unequivocally passes judgment on what will be considered redundant, ambiguous, anomalous, illogical, incomplete, inconsistent, anachronistic, chaotic, disordered, or terminally paradoxical. Mary Douglas summed up a lot with her description of dirt being matter out of place. This symposium queries the actual and inferred edges to material and non-material containers and connectors. Material culture may provide the most concrete paradigmatic case for exploration. Containers relate metonymically with the contained, in that the container and contained (both digital) actually connect (analogue). But containers may also stand as metaphors for the contained. Indeed, boiled down, this describes one origin for numerals. The contained may also stand for the container, when the latter is conventionalized or transparent. Connectors connect with other connectors, as symmetric links in a chain, or as asymmetric, valenced, locks. Connectors may also form links or locks between connectors. Even concrete, material containers raise nontrivial questions, centering especially around labeling and transparency. In this symposium we present both material and non-material, and spatial and temporal, containers and connectors. Memory and habit adhere to containers and connectors, especially to the deep structural social practices indexing individual and group identity and distinction.

[2-02] THE PRESENT LIFE -- NAUGHT BUT A DIVERSION AND A SPORT? A PANEL TOWARD A RENEWED ANTHROPOLOGY OF SPORTS Holly Swyers (University of Chicago) Even in an era of increasing discourses about human rights, it seems almost odd to have sport listed as a fundamental right of all human beings. However, this is exactly how the International Olympic Committee presents sports and games. There is something about sport which lends itself to the "Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play" (6th Fundamental Principle of the Olympic Charter). This is just one example of how acts of skill can be celebrated and invested with great meaning(even described as the means to world peace). This panel explores different ways in which sports enter the lives of individuals, affect nation-states and influence cultures. By considering how sports operate to organize space, to define and modify bodies, to establish moralities, and to shape cultural perceptions, these papers seek to reinvigorate the anthropology of sports as a rigorous and insightful section of the discipline. Further, our presenters will demonstrate how archaeology, socio-cultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology can each present a unique but non-exclusive perspective on a given social phenomenon. The synthesis of these perspectives offers exciting possibilities for the study of sports as a significant factor in human experience.

[2-03] LIFE IN A BORDERZONE: PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION IN MESOAMERICA Walter E. Little (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) The concepts, border and borderzone, are often associated with particular international borders, especially the U.S.-Mexico border. The authors on this panel contend that the "border" and "borderzones" are not limited to the geopolitical boundaries between nation-states. In fact, transnational flows of commodities, media, tourists, laborers, and medical practitioners configure new borders and borderzones that disrupt, challenge, ignore, and circumvent nation-state boundaries. The panelists seek to expand on the ethnography and theoretical perspectives of border literature by using it to look at communities, production, and representation in contemporary Mesoamerica. The papers focus on the ways that four ethnolinguistic groups (Kaqchikel, K'iche', Yucatec, and Zapotec) live within these new borderzones and the particular border crossings in which they participate.

[2-07] ALTERNATIVE GLOBAL TOURISMS Clare Sammells (University of Chicago) This panel presents tourism -- especially types of tourism that are slightly out of the ordinary -- as phenomena that brings togther actors and scales in such a way as to blur conventional distinctions between "global" and "local." Tourism cannot be viewed as simple culture-contact, nor as the incursion of external actors into a bounded local space. Instead, it is increasing constitutive of the spaces that it inhabits, and the lives of the actors within these spaces.

[2-10] THE INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT: WAS IT CIVIL, WAS IT RIGHT? Terry Straus (University of Chicago) The Indian Civil Rights Act points out a fundamental contradiction in federal Indian law: that between civil rights as the equal rights associated with citizenship versus tribal rights, the rights associated with special legal and political status within the nation. What sounded like progressive legislation for Indian people ("civil rights") thus may be seen as problematic in regard to tribal rights and status.

[2-11] MUSEUMS / GALLERIES / IDENTITIES Kathleen M. Adams (Loyola University Chicago) Over the past decade, museums and galleries have emerged in the anthropological literature as potent arenas for identity-making projects. In these display-oriented venues conceptions about self and other are affirmed, projected, contested, and negotiated on a daily basis. These papers examine various museums and galleries, exploring the ways in which identities and meanings are negotiated in these spaces. The opening papers by Hamlish and Adams address national identity-making and affirming in several Asian venues, among them the Asian Civilizations Museum in Singapore, an urban Indonesian museum and Taiwan's National Palace Museum. The papers by Wallace and Ziegler address museums in the United States. Wallace's examination of the Maori House display at Chicago's Field Museum, documents how different groups of visitors and curators construct contrasting notions of the Maori in this gallery. Ziegler spotlights docents' narratives, and the architectural/exhibition dynamics at two Beloit museums to illustrate how feelings of resonance and wonder are evoked. Beauregard examines the galleries, artists, dealers and collectors in Birmingham and their roles in meaning-making. Hopgood explores the identity politics embodied the struggle for control of the icon of James Dean in two Fairmont sites, the historical museum and the James Dean Gallery. Finally, Hubbard and Menchen take us to the world of celluloid and cybermuseums. Hubbard examines representations of museums in the mass media and Menchen addresses the production of identities in Internet museums.

[2-12] ANTHROPOLOGY AS A RITE OF PASSAGE John Messenger (Ohio State University) In the December 1999 issue of the British journal Anthropology Today, social anthropologists Simon Coleman and Bob Simpson, in an article titled "Unintended Consequences?: Anthropology, Pedagogy and Personhood," discuss the impact of anthropology on their students at the University of Durham in England. The authors present "three, rather ideal-typical orientations" as to why students enroll in courses in social anthropology and with what results. Some students take courses "purely as a means to an end -- that of gaining a degree"; others "use the findings of anthropology to reinforce and enable them to develop their own, previously established, views of the world"; while still others find that "new experiences of space, time and knowledge" become a "rite of passage" that results in "liberation" or "the opening of doors." The subject of this panel is the third of these orientations, and panelists will consider the transformations that anthropology has wrought in their own lives as students, teachers, and/or researchers and possibly in the lives of certain of their students or peers. It is hoped that members of the audience will participate by addressing their own rites of passage. Also urged to participate are any of those in the audience who represent the other two orientations -- grade-seekers or Druids.

[3-02] ESTIMATING ECONOMY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND LAND USE P. Nick Kardulias (College of Wooster) The process of understanding the nature of economic activity crosscuts the several subdisciplines of anthropology. Ethnographic accounts of subsistence practices, trade systems, and rules for the consumption of goods and services provide a rich, detailed literature on the basics of human livelihood. Out of this wealth of information has grown a substantial body of theory. Archaeologists have adopted various aspects of this theoretical matrix, used it to examine the particular material record of various regions in the past, and in the process have greatly extended the scope of economic analysis. The papers in this session provide both ethnographic and archaeological studies of different aspects of economic behavior. The topics range from modern agricultural land use patterns around the village of Ancient Korinth in Greece, to ethnoarchaeological research on the exploitation of environmentally marginal islands in the Aegean Sea, and finally to the manufacture of ceramics, and the procurement and use of raw material for the production of stone tools in prehistoric Ohio. In each case, the focus is on the strategic planning in which people past and present engage to accomplish a series of goals vital to survival. While the various studies do not ignore the reflexive nature of cultural systems, the authors place primary emphasis on a materialist approach that best explains the variation in pragmatic terms. The studies also emphasize the role of individual decision-making based on a set of perceived interests.

[3-03] TRANSLOCAL BELONGINGS: MIGRATION AND THE RELATIVE NATURE OF SOCIAL SPACE Kimbra Leigh Smith (University of Chicago) In recent years, anthropology has become increasingly fascinated with the idea and practice of migration, whether in its recent emphasis on border studies or in the exciting work on circulating transactional communities. The related emphasis on the effects of globalization on the ways nations and international communities are produced and maintained reinforces these concerns. Perhaps because of this emphatic focus on globalization theory, however, more subtle, yet equally powerful forms of migration have for the most part escaped our attention. We therefore seek to expand anthropological considerations and perceptions of migration, and how these processes of motion through social space are constitutive of imagined communities. In this panel, we will consider the implications of these newly considered types of migration within the broader concepts of nationalism and the production of identity, focusing on how these processes engage with and reconfigure human conceptions of social space and social relations. Through recent and innovative ethnographic research, the five panelists will suggest novel and productive approaches to the questions of translocal communities and networks of belonging. Among the questions we will examine are the ambiguous nature of ties to physical landscapes, the ways social networks are maintained and contested through migratory processes, and the often-ignored implications for nationalism of relations between mobile and stable communities within a single political state.

[3-08] PRODUCTION, REPRODUCTION, AND VALUE: CURRENT ETHNOGRAPHIC AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Paul Kockelman (University of Chicago) The papers in this panel treat the relationship between production, reproduction, and value from a variety of theoretical and ethnographic perspectives. E. Gabriella Coleman examines an alternative to the capitalist production of knowledge and the reproduction of the community of knowers in the emergence of "hacker communities" and the new regime of intellectual property rights manifested in the "copyleft." Andrew Gilbert looks at the relationship between violent interventions in biological reproduction and the alleged conditions of possibility for the production of a viable nation state in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Donald Palmer examines discourses of apathy and boredom among factory workers in the Nicaraguan textile industry, arguing for the prescience of Nietzsche's link between the eternal return of factory production, and moral schemata such as the fictive kinship tie of "compadrazco." Anya Bernstein examines how the normalization of the capitalist mode of production interacts with nationalist discourses emphasizing the biological reproduction of citizens for the Chinese nation. Mark Koops-Elson examines processes of speculative finance in the origins and maintenance of a capitalist system of production and value, arguing that risk-taking strategies are critical to an understanding of the production of capitalist relations. Michael Cepek's paper treats the value of nature and the reproduction of capitalist production schemes on the periphery of global capital. Stephen Scott examines the repercussions of the discursive production of subjects on the reproduction of social and political obligations and entitlements among peasants involved in agrarian reform in Bolivia. And Paul Kockelman examines how the figuring of illness and intentionality links agricultural production and social reproduction among speakers of Q'eqchi' Maya in Guatemala.

[3-10] CROSS-CULTURAL THEOLOGY: DIRECTIONS FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM Paul Jean Provost (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) This symposium contains a number of papers that will attempt to examine aspects of diverse world religions from a comparative perspective. The hope is to systematize the field of cross cultural theology through comparative analysis.

[3-11] PERSPECTIVES ON ANTHROPOLOGY AND A UNION E. Paul Durrenberger (Pennsylvania State University) Passing times changes our perspectives. We discuss our changing outlooks on our 1996 collaborative study of a union local in Chicago before, during, and after the study. Suzan was the Director of Communications and a representative for the local; Paul a professor of anthropology. Among our goals were to weave together inside and outside perspectives and to bring the insights of anthropology to bear usefully on important social and political topics. Each of us will discuss our involvement in the project, how it evolved, its results, and our changing perceptions of the project and its results. For the balance of the allotted time we will invite participation from the floor to discuss any dimensions of the project that people would like to learn more about -- the plausibility of useful anthropological contributions, the benefits and risks of combing inside and outside views, or anything else that comes up.

[3-13] TOPICS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN PREHISTORY Edward E. Smith, Jr. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) The papers in this symposium address primarily the status of Early Paleo-Indian studies in eastern North America at the advent of the new millennium. The first paper presents a brief review of eastern Paleo-Indian research and then an advocation for methodological and interpretive rigor in an interdisciplinary approach to this rare, fragile database. The second paper describes the results of the combination of both archaeological and paleontological techniques in the contexts of a classic "whodunit." The preliminary results of a taphonomic analysis of the Buesching mastodon are presented. The third paper presents the results of a methodological comparison of standard archaeological flotation and geological wet-sieving techniques. This study suggests that while wet-sieving is more labor intensive, the technique produces a more representative sample and thereby enhances statistical and interpretive robustness.

ABRAHAM, Traci (Illinois State University) NINETEENTH-CENTURY SPIRITUALISM IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY AMERICAN LIFE Modern spiritualism first made its appearance in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century -- a time of great social upheaval and discontent. The Spiritualist movement was the first organized religious attempt to synthesize science and religion. While it has nearly disappeared from the social and religious landscape in the twentieth century, Spiritualism has left a deep legacy, and is still a strong force in contemporary American culture. The syncretism of science and religion enacted by early Spiritualists has been reborn again and again in new religious movements throughout the country. In this paper I will discuss the social conditions under which the Spiritualist movement was first manifested, and describe how it rose in popularity. I argue that the exposure of science to the general public through the mass media and education caused a major shift in public thinking, which somehow had to be reconciled with the older religious beliefs. I claim that while Spiritualism is no long the powerful force it once was, many of its beliefs have become an integral part of the popular culture of America. It is indeed through these connections with popular culture that Spiritualism maintains the hold that it has over much of the population. Thus, attempts to reconcile science and religion continue in both religious and scientific contexts. Finally, I examine contemporary Spiritualism, and show how the movement continues to enrich the lives of its adherents through its comforting promise of life after death. [1-10]

ABU DAQEH, H.C. (Kansas State University) NAGPRA: MIXED MESSAGES IN THE HEARTLAND Reburial and repatriation have long been issues of contention between Native Americans and archaeologists. For many years, conferences have been held and symposia and roundtable discussions have occurred at both regional and national levels. But for all the rhetoric, little changed until the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. NAGPRA eliminated the polarization over the issue of whether or not to rebury by providing guidelines and regulations expressly stating how institutions are to offer human remains and funerary objects to the tribes which have legitimate claim to them. However, there remains an area that NAGPRA has yet to effectively address: that of culturally unidentifiable human remains. It is on this subject that polarity and tension remain, and as a result, the political arena has been narrowed and a new stage set for political action. In this current politically-charged climate, those with seemingly incommensurable world views must somehow engage in productive dialogue and find resolutions to as-yet-unresolved issues. Over the past year, I have been privileged to participate in NAGPRA consultation meetings regarding the culturally unidentifiable remains and associated funerary objects held by Kansas institutions. Twelve tribes, four institutions, and three Federal agencies participated in the meetings. In this paper, I offer observations on the meetings and lessons from the dialogue among parties to the consultation. [3-04]

ADAMS, Kathleen M. (Loyola University Chicago) MUSEUMSCAPES AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN INDONESIA AND SINGAPORE This paper examines the role of the museum as an urban instrument for constructing and imagining the province and nation. Approaching the urban museum as an artfully-constructed text for cementing pan-regional and national identities, this paper chronicles what actually transpires in these urban museums. In keeping the Handler and Gable's (1997) recent call for more research on the museum as a "social arena in which many people of differing backgrounds continuously interact to produce, exchange and consume messages," this paper examines the often ironic ways in which museum exhibits and structures are dealt with, embraced, rejected, and rearticulated by various museum visitors and staff. The ethnographic data for this paper are drawn from fieldwork conducted in several urban museums in Southeast Asia, including the Nusa Tenggara Timur Provincial Museum in Kupang and Singapore's recently-opened Asian Civilizations Museum. Central to the exhibits in all of these museums is the question of identity, be it ethnic, provincial, national, or regional. This paper suggests that the museum is an under-recognized urban instrument for the domestication of problematic identities and for the consolidation of diverse identities in pan-ethnic states. [2-11]

AHMED, Karen Hunt (University of Chicago) CROSS-CULTURAL PATTERNS OF PREGNANCY FOOD TABOOS: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED MORALITY Pregnancy sickness may have evolved by natural selection as a defense against the mother's ingestion of substances that could potentially harm the developing embryo during the first trimester of gestation. Although some components of the theory are supported by experimental evidence, cross-cultural similarities or differences in the occurrence of pregnancy sickness have not yet been systematically investigated. In this paper I discuss the physiology of early pregnancy, define pregnancy sickness, outline the theory of pregnancy sickness as an evolutionary adaptation, discuss alternatives to the theory and test some hypotheses derived from the theory. The evolutionary theory of pregnancy sickness predicts that this phenomenon occurs in a similar pattern cross-culturally, as evidenced both by pregnant women's eating habits and by the presence of cultural/religious food taboos. Socially constructed pregnancy food taboos reflect society's moral concern for the health of the unborn child through recognition of potentially harmful properties of certain ingested substances. Through a survey of diverse cultural and religious groups, I investigate whether there are substantial cross-cultural similarities or differences in taste and olfactory aversions and cravings experienced by women during early pregnancy. I also examine cross-cultural characteristics of food taboos during pregnancy to determine whether they are consistent with the predictions of evolutionary theory. [1-09]

ALCALDE, Cristina (Indiana University) AN UNCOMFORTABLE RELATIONSHIP: ANTHROPOLOGY AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE In this paper, I analyze how anthropologists have dealt with domestic violence in the field as a way to examine anthropology's changing relationship with domestic violence through time, domestic violence's relevance to anthropological research, and anthropology's value to the study of domestic violence. Specifically, I focus on life histories of Latin Americans from the 1960s to the 1990s. On the one hand, I argue that anthropology has been late in viewing domestic violence as a legitimate subject of scientific research. Thus, anthropologists have, until recently and more often than not, uncritically allowed their cultural and gender biases to permeate their work to dismiss gender violence and power relations in the home as irrelevant to their research. The results have been distorted accounts of family dynamics and women's lives. On the other hand, I examine the development of anthropology's acknowledgment and analysis of domestic violence from the 1960s to the 1990s to point to an emerging interest in domestic violence. Thus, although late, anthropology has now joined other disciplines and is contributing to the study of domestic violence, and has much to contribute. The three life histories I focus on in this paper all pertain to Latin America: Mintz' Worker in the Cane (1960), Burgos' I ... Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala (Spanish version, 1985), and Behar's Translated Woman (1993). 1 also refer to other, more recent work on domestic violence by anthropologists to substantiate specific points. Throughout the paper, I challenge the myth that to publish on domestic violence in another culture would be to impose one's political agenda on another society (mentioned in Counts, Ayers, and Brown 1999). I point out that (1) anthropologists are already making a political statement about the acceptability of violence against women by men in the home by glossing over informant's accounts of domestic violence and reinforcing its status as a "private" phenomenon (yet which affects a very large number of women and is a major factor in these women's lives); (2) in dismissing violence in the home, anthropologists overlook their own cultural and gender biases and the ways in which these may allow violence to occur repeatedly yet be considered unworthy of analysis, and (3) the study of domestic violence is a valuable window through which to understand cultural ideas on gender relations, sexuality, and women's agency within socially constrained situations. [3-09]

ALTEN, Kristin (Indiana University) A NARRATIVE OF THE PAST: REV. BEEDE AND SIOUX ETHNOHISTORY Missionary reports and journals have long been important sources of information for writing American Indian ethnohistories; however much ethnographic and historical material remains unused in archives across the country. One Episcopal missionary in particular, Aaron McGaffrey Beede (1859-1934) left journals rich in ethnographic details and cultural insights of the Native people (Turtle Mountain Chippewa and Standing Rock Sioux) with whom he worked. These journals document religious ceremonies and social activities, in addition to Beede's own transformation from a Christian missionary proselytizing to American Indians, to an Indian rights advocate speaking out for Native self-determination. These seldom-used texts (circa early 1900s) contain invaluable ethnographic details which complement published texts of the era (Walker, Black Elk). This includes specifics of political relations, material culture, religious beliefs and other ethnographic material with an eye towards understanding Native symbols and telling the "Indian side" of the story. Beede's unpublished journals -- his own narrative documenting the events around him -- are also useful in understanding the perspectives and biases of missionaries, whose journals give vital insights into the minds and lives of some of the first ethnographers. [1-08]

ANDERSON, Myrdene (Purdue University) CONNECTING WITH CLUTTER: TO CURTAIL OR TO CONTAIN, THAT IS THE ANSWER Clean or dirty, clutter clogs. Clutter can be matter out of place, matter out of time, or matter without any appropriate space/time. Clutter need not be material; it's a matter of mind, as well, and sometimes there is a tight loop between the material and the nonmaterial. All clutter accumulates layers of meanings, values, regrets, and resentments. Clutter encumbers, and enables -- connecting with memories of the past and heirlooms for the future. Indulging in some ethnohistory and critical ethnoethnography, I inspect some natural trends in and necessary limits to cluttering in our culture. [2-01]

ANDERSON, Myrdene (Purdue University), Maria-Lydia SPINELLI (University of Illinois Chicago) TIME CAPSULES As a post-mortem on Y2K, it is appropriate to reflect on how a culture links and packages times, and naturalizes it with respect to space and experience. Quintessentially, personal experience fuses time and space, obliterating all distinctions. Yet, culture and language both provide the metrics to measure space and time as though they were static, concrete objects. The subjective experiential and objective experimental collide when it comes to time capsules, cornerstones, and grave sites. What sort of texts will be recovered by descendants and alien archaeologists, and how can they be read? [2-09]

BARRIE, Elizabeth R. (Indiana University) INTERPRETIVE IMPACTS FROM THE PARTICIPANTS' PERSPECTIVE There is a growing body of research investigating various facets of the interpretive experience. Although there have been some efforts at model and theory development in interpretation research, there is still much work to be done towards the development of models and theories of the interpretive experience. A promising approach to this end is to study visitors' most meaningful interpretive encounters in order to understand interpretation at its best for the participants. Preliminary results from a study which is investigating meaningful interpretive experiences are being reported. This study is analyzing subjective accounts of recollected meaningful interpretive programs collected from visitors to two nationally significant interpretive sites. Based on the accounts of the informants in this study, a model of the elements of meaningful interpretive experiences is being developed which can be used to inform the creation and evaluation of interpretive programs and which will benefit the theoretically sparse field of interpretation research. In-depth, semi-structured phone interviews are being conducted with the subjects within a year of the initial field contact. During the interviews the informants are being asked to discuss their most meaningful interpretive experience, to identify why it was meaningful, and to detail what made it so meaningful. Approximately 100 visitors at each site are being asked to participate in the study in order to insure a saturation point will be reached in the research. [1-02]

BEAUREGARD, Molly (Loyola University of Chicago) MEAN-MAKING IN THE BIRMINGHAM (MICHIGAN) GALLERY COMMUNITY Social interactionalists believe that the social world is made up of a dynamic web of connections where outcomes are not always predictable and objects are in a constant state of flux. Studying human interaction offers the social scientists an opportunity to see the underlying patterns that take place in social life. It has been argued that by using relations and social interactions as a basis for analysis, sociologists are able to explain organizational as well as individual processes that are on going in the production of art objects. This presentation will highlight a formal network of people working together to sustain and promote the art community located in Birmingham, Michigan (a Detroit suburb). Participants in this network work together in both formal and informal ways in an effort to organize the distribution of unique artistic products, find interested audiences to frequent local galleries and encourage artists to create works that cater to collectors needs. It is my belief that our own experiences, and the ways they relate to others, inform our personal perspectives and social vision. Listening to the voices of gallery owners, artists and community members offers a unique opportunity to document the various ways the creative process is influenced. In addition, meaningful connections can be made between art world insiders, consumers and members of the larger community. [2-11]

BELL, David (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) TECHNIQUES OF THE ARTESANO FISHERMEN OF NORTHERN CHILE A fishing port located in the extreme north of the South American country of Chile is stratified into three classes of fishermen. The third strata of fisherman, called the Artesano, occupy a specific economic and technological niche and employ fishing methods integrated with traditional techniques and available modern materials. I examine some of the various techniques used by the Artesano fishermen. This includes the types of materials that are utilized, the application of the specific methods toward the desired goal, and the types of fishermen who use specific fishing methods. The fishermen of northern Chile demonstrated a strong connection to the ocean and have adapted certain technologies in response to this relationship with the aquatic environment. [1-03]

BENNIS, Will (University of Chicago) SYCOPHANCY AND DECEIT AS VIRTUES: "THE GOOD SOLDIER SCHWEIK," CZECH HISTORY, AND MORAL PLURALISM Many moral psychologists and philosophers argue that there are universal moral goods corresponding to universal realities of the human condition. These goods usually include justice, compassion, honesty, and courage, and their universality is partly supported by their widespread status as virtues across cultures and historical periods. This paper will consider a specific culture during a particular historical period during which one of its most honored heroes, albeit a fictional one, seems to embody a quite contrary set of virtues. The honored figure is the "Good Soldier Schweik," who was upheld as a hero by many of the Czech people for the greater part of this century. The qualities embodied by Schweik can reasonably be considered virtues whereas qualities more commonly held to be virtues -- such as courage and honesty -- cannot, given the particular context in which Schweik became a hero. The Czech people, having been vastly outnumbered and overpowered by other groups for a significant part of their history, would have almost certainly failed had they fought openly against their oppressors or explicitly voiced their disapproval, displaying honesty and courage as they are widely understood. Schweik, on the other hand, demonstrated quite contrary qualities that ought to be seen as virtues since Czechs displaying such qualities would have tended to promote their own good and that of the Czech people. Implications of this particular case for theories of moral relativism, pluralism, and universalism will be considered. [1-09]

BERDAN, Frances (California State University, San Bernardino) RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM AND PERCEPTION OF ANIMALS AMONG THE AZTECS OF MEXICO Animals commanded a great deal of cosmological, mythological, and symbolic attention in the Nahua (Aztec) world view. Among the Aztecs, there was a close perceived link between the natural and supernatural worlds, and animals performed a variety of functions in an assortment of visible and invisible cultural domains. This paper explores correspondences between the natural and symbolic characteristics attributed to animals in the Nahua view of the world, and unravels intricacies in these natural/supernatural conceptualizations. [3-10]

BERNSTEIN, Anya (University of Chicago) GETTING AND BEGETTING: REPRODUCTION AND THE TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM IN CHINA The current Chinese state has been overtly concerned with population control from its inception, both in the pronatalist policies of the early Communist party and in their gradual reversal, which culminated in the various versions of the one-child family policy, first implemented in 1979. Starting at least in the early 1970s, Chinese governmental reproduction policies were linked to other policies regarding production in general. The economic reforms launched at the same time as the one-child family policy have resulted in dramatic changes in lifestyle, and in possibilities and expectations regarding the future, for both urban and rural residents. With the decollectivization of agriculture, the growing privatization of production, and the official encouragement of entrepreneurship, the model on which the one-child family policy was based has become a thing of the past. At the same time, although restrictions on rural childbirth have become increasingly lax in practice, state policy still declares family planning and limited childbirth a basic obligation of every citizen to the national community. Reading contemporary Chinese popular sources on reproduction, I will examine discourses of childbearing and child rearing, and show they interact with this rapidly changing economic situation. Current trends in Chinese nationalism and the imperative to produce "high quality" citizens for the future of the nation will form the backdrop for this investigation. [3-08]

BOOTH, Chelsea L. (Ball State University) SOCIAL INTERACTION IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE Technology-related business has become an important and multi-dimensional aspect of American society. Many professionals have the same access to new technology or even the same training so there is a new market for something different in this business: social dexterity. However, this is not the everyday social interaction we normally think of in American society, at least not according to many in the business. Graduate programs are teaching this kind of "social learning" to its students. These include knowledge of wine, classical music, interaction with business associates, etc. This information and mastery of it, considered to be lacking in these students by many, can be as important to a company as achievement and grade point average. This is important to both students and their professors, though for different reasons and motivations. Graduate school programs are very important in this technologically advanced time, with the intense competition for highly skilled, versatile people. One observed graduate program was very small and isolated, consisting of only twelve professors. The social structure of the group is unique and especially telling about how the social interaction of the business field as a whole is changing and where the future of technology-related business will shift in the coming years. [1-03]

BRAUN, Sebastian F. (Indiana University) WRITING HISTORY/MYTH: TIME IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ETHNOHISTORY Ethnohistory often uses autobiographies from cultures without a long tradition of writing. Autobiographies are generally seen as historical documents. Looked at from the perspective of time concepts, however, they resemble mythology. In many autobiographies, just as in mythology, the past is brought into the present, or the present into the past. In a "mythological" perspective history is not just re-enacted, it is re-lived. The past is (re)-presented. Departing from Radin's comments on the invention of writing as giving rise to a historical perspective (vs. a mythological one), it is argued that it is not writing by itself that leads to such a change. The "historical" perspective is different from the "mythological" in that it can't use symbolic statements, but has replaced them with detailed accounts. This is not a direct consequence of literacy, but one of a change in the use of literacy. A "historical" perspective, which denies the (re-)presentation and (re-)living of the past, must fail to adequately describe "mythological" perceptions of history. There is, then, a gap between the method and goals of scientific historiography and the way memories are reconstructed from the past. A "historical" historiography must use "mythological" time perspectives itself, but at the same time, it denies their usefulness or even possibility of existence. [1-01]

BROWN, Evan (Illinois State University), Kelly RUSHING (Illinois State University) SMOKIN' TOADS: AN ANALYSIS OF AMPHIBIAN EFFIGY PIPES Numerous amphibian effigy smoking pipes have been discovered at archaeological sites in the American Bottom, the state of Ohio, and in several sites on tributaries of the southern Mississippi River. These artifacts generally date to late Woodland or early Mississippian, and seem not to be found in other locations in the Midwestern United States. The origins and functions of these pipes have always remained somewhat puzzling, as it was never clear (1) why these pipes appeared where and when they did, and (2) why they used representations of frogs and toads. By analyzing site location, material composition, and artistic style -- and attempting to identify the actual amphibian species being represented -- we offer both cultural and economic explanations to these questions. Bauxite pipes in statue form appear in Oklahoma and the Red River valley. The Ohio River distributions show platform pipes made of sandstone. In Cahokia and other places along the American Bottom, both types are found, along with a unique style that might be called a hybrid mixture of both. This suggests that certain important economic exchanges actually took place between all these areas, even though other evidence for such extensive trade is scant. Also, stylistic analysis suggests some reasons for this amphibian iconography, in particular, the relationship between land, water, and the underworld in Midwestern Native American cosmology and the blended environment amphibians occupy. We also suggest directions for further work, such as examinations of local bird or animal effigy pipes. We believe such research might offer interesting new perspectives to the claims we have made using the amphibian pipe data. [1-06]

BRUENING, William (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) THE LIFE OF THE ORISHAS IN CUBA My paper will address the Cuban religion of Santeria. It will include an outline of the history of the syncretic origins of the religion as well as an overview of basic beliefs and practices. Following this introductory data I will discuss Santeria and how its practice relates to the theories toward religion of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx. I will argue that Santeria is not the religion that Marx debases and is in fact more closely aligned to the Durkheimian view of religion within culture. This is not a mutually exclusive categorization and the contradictions that Santeria presents will also be discussed. This paper will show that the syncretic nature of Santeria forces theories of religion to become broader and more inclusive. [1-03]

BUBINAS, Kathleen (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee) A REASSESSMENT OF EDNA BONACICH'S THEORY OF MIDDLEMAN MINORITIES: A CASE FOR CO-DEPENDENCE IN AN ASIAN INDIAN ETHNIC ECONOMY The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of Edna Bonacich's theory of middleman minorities to ethnographic data collected in an Asian Indian sari shop located on Devon Avenue in Chicago. There are over 100 ethnic stores clustered on Devon forming the largest Indian-Pakistan ethnic economy in the Midwest. The middleman minorities model posits that one of the major strategies ethnic business owners utilize to enhance profitability is to exploit co-ethnic resources, namely immigrant workers. Co-ethnic employees work long hours, accept low wages and are loyal to employers in exchange for socioeconomic benefits tied to ethnic group identity. Preliminary findings indicate general support for Bonacich's model, but expand the explanatory base of the model in several ways, and questions one of its basic propositions. First, analysis suggests that the character of the socioeconomic benefits tied to employment in the ethnic economy is differentiated by gender and occupation. Second, Asian Indian immigrants are not unskilled laborers at the mercy of ethnic employers, but active agents in their choice of employment. Third, ethnic employers and employees may have a relationship that is better characterized as one of co-dependence rather than exploitation. This suggestion is based on the finding that ethnic employers are dependent on immigrant workers that possess ethnic resources not available outside the Asian Indian immigrant labor pool. [2-05]

BUCKNER, Margaret (Southwest Missouri State University) MASKED MATRILINEALITY: DESCENT DYNAMICS AMONG THE MANJAKO OF GUINEA BISSAU Observers have often described the Manjako of northwestern Guinea Bissau as being patrilineal, or at least bilinear, on the basis of patrilocal residence, rice field inheritance, and references to ancestor posts. However, two years of fieldwork in Caio have led me to conclude that the coastal Manjako are solidly matrilineal, and that the patrilineal practices are themselves integrated in the larger, over-all matrilineal system. Indeed, the tension between the matrilineage, on one hand, and patrilateral relations, on the other, is vital, vigorous and productive. In other words, what appears to be bilinear or patrilineal group is in fact a stable but dynamic matrilineal society. This paper will provide evidence for that claim by looking at headman succession, rice field inheritance over time, ancestor posts, kin terms and witchcraft accusations. Priority is given to unsolicited comments and actual discourse and to material evidence (houses, ancestor posts, and rice fields). [3-09]

BURDIN, Sheldon R. (Indiana University Southeast) THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FALLS AREA OF THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY: PALEO-INDIAN THROUGH WOODLAND PERIODS (12,000-1,000 BP) The prehistory of the Falls Area of the Ohio River valley is not well understood. This study is the culture history of the Paleo-Indian (12,000 - 10,000 BP), the Archaic (10,000 - 2,750 BP), and Woodland (2,750 - 1,000 BP) traditions in the Falls Area. The presence of over 2,500 known prehistoric sites in the area represents a significant concentration of prehistoric occupations. Less than three percent of these sites have been studied in depth. This paper outlines the culture history, or a paleoethnography, of these extinct peoples. [3-04]

BURKE, Christina E. (Indiana University) LAKOTA HISTORIES: WINTER COUNT PICTOGRAPHS, NARRATIVES, AND TEXTS Among the Lakota of the Northern Plains yearly pictographic calendars, known as winter counts, were kept to record meaningful happenings in community life and index important events in individuals' lives. Each image (painted on animal hide and later drawn on cloth and paper) served as a mnemonic device, representing a memorable episode of Indian cultural history and bringing to mind the narrative describing that event. It was the duty of the winter count keeper to share these calendars with his community and recite the narratives of years past. With the advent of Native language literacy by the mid-1800s, some Lakota began writing the year-names along with pictographs on their calendars. By the early 1900s, many winter counts were texts alone; pictographs had been replaced entirely by written Lakota. Yet these short, idiomatic texts remained mnemonic devices, indexing longer descriptive narratives. Such texts can provide valuable cultural details, but only when considered in conjunction with other historical and ethnographic data, specifically in relation to pictographs and narratives recorded by winter count keepers. Two such texts (a Lakota version published in a 1905 edition of the Native language newspaper Iapi Oaye, and an unpublished manuscript in Lakota and English from 1912) will be compared with the six known winter counts recorded by Swift Dog. Examining pictographs, narratives, and texts of related winter counts allows for increased understanding of Lakota history from native perspectives, and provides invaluable insight into Lakota historical consciousness. [1-08]

CAMPION, Michael D. (University of Chicago) BLOODMONEY: CYCLES OF FERTILITY AND PROSPERITY AMONGST THE YORUBA This paper focuses on issues of blood and money amongst the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria. Through a symbolic analysis of blood and money in certain Yoruba rituals and writings the paper proposes a model of the economic and spiritual worlds based on the opposing tropes of hoarding and flow. Additionally the symbolic conversion of money to blood and fertility to prosperity (and vice-versa, naturally) is presented. The paper also examines Yoruba witchcraft and the phenomenon of female material success as parallel ideational constructions relating to the conception of woman as a potential danger to the patriline. [3-09]

CAMPION, Michael D. (University of Chicago) MOMENTS OF CLARITY: TEMPERANCE AND SOBRIETY IN THE EASTERN NATIVE AMERICAN REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS The paper (excerpted from the author's M.A. thesis) is concerned with alcoholism amongst Native Americans, and specifically related to the eastern revitalization movements of the post-contact period. The paper examines the ritual codes and actions of Handsome Lake, Neolin, and Tenskwatawa in the context of their anti-alcohol stance. The author hopes to show that not only were the revitalization movements, at their core, temperance movements, but that the example of these movements' leaders was in fact a ritual enactment of the effects of alcoholism, empowering a cultural system of beliefs designed to help followers symbolically and spiritually combat the addiction to European liquors. [1-11]

CARBONELL, Rosa Beatriz (Patagonia Argentina) COMPROBACION POBLACIONAL DE ANTIGUOS CAZADORES PATAGONES-FUEGUINOS SEGUN ANALISIS CULTURAL: COSMOGONIA Y RELATIVIDAD MITO-RITUAL = POPULATION CONFIRMATION OF ANCIENT PATAGONIAN-TIERRA DEL FUEGO HUNTERS ACCORDING TO A CULTURAL ANALYSIS: COSMOGONY AND MYTHO-RITUAL RELATIVITY Dos teorías dan explicación al poblamiento de Tierra del Fuego: la que establece más de una migración postulada por Torroni y/o Horai; la que afirma que los cuatro grupos haplogrupos principales mitocondriales en todo el continente sería el resultado de una única migración según Merriwether. Además, otros estudios fundamentan la ocupación de los cazadores terrestres: selknam y aoenikenk (tehuelches meridionales), tendría lugar por el litoral atlántico, mientras que los canoeros yámanas y alacalufes (kawéskar) habrían llegado por el Pacífico, siguiendo la retirada de los hielos. A raíz de esto y para establecer desde el analísis de la mitología y la ritualidad, surge la teoría de diferenciarlos según su forma de pensar, cuerpo de creencias, es decir cosmovisión; aoenikenk -alacalufes-yaganes-selk´nam. Estableciendo por lo menos dos épocas de poblamiento, cazadores tempranos de tierra firme (paleoindios) 10,420 años AP, cazadores medios, 5.600 años AP (preselk´nam-selk-nam). Este aporte del estudio de sus creencias establece formulaciones de más de un poblamiento considerando: adaptación climática y biomecánica, rescatadas del estudio de su cultura: comparación puntas proyectiles (Clovis-Cueva Fell); secuencias Mt. DNA (DNA mitocondrial) individuos fuego-pataones; antecedentes arqueológicos (Massone-Jackson-Prieto); estudios comparativos (relatividad mito ritual) de su cosmovisión selknam aoenikenk yaganes y alacalufes. De esta manera se arriba a comprobar que co-existieron en Tierra del Fuego y Patagonia Meridional, más de una población migracional. [3-04]

CARMANY, Karstin (Ball State University) MUSEUMS, THE MIAMI, AND COLLABORATION: A WORK IN PROGRESS Currently, the hot word in the world of museums appears to be "collaboration." Yet, it seems that many mainstream museums are only applying the word as a label to exhibition development processes without fully achieving what the word implies. Collaboration implies the sharing of control, power, and decision making in the development and implementation of exhibitions. This paper will examine the highlights as well as the road blocks of an ongoing collaborative project with the Miami Indians of Indiana in the creation of an exhibition exploring the concept of community within this group and how they want to present themselves as a community both to themselves and to the dominant culture. [2-11]

CARPENTER, David (Oakland Community College) CHIEF SEATTLE'S SPEECH: A STUDY TO PROMOTE CRITICAL THINKING This paper examines internal problems with the speech and how some make more of Chief Seattle than he could have ever been. Why do we let our desires and agendas stand in the way of careful study? This will be examined by looking at students' reactions as well as the use of the speech by Joseph Campbell, Al Gore, and others. [3-12]

CASH, Jennifer (Indiana University) REMEMBERING A STATE, FORGETTING THE NATION?: MOLDOVA'S MANY IDENTITIES In the recent work on nationalism, and the processes of imagining and inventing nations, there has been little attention to cases like that represented by the Republic of Moldova. Moldova has never been an independent state; it is inhabited by several indigenous ethnic groups; and it borders the existing nation-state of its dominant ethnic group. Eight weeks of preliminary fieldwork during summer 1999 revealed a number of sites for competing memories of the Moldovan state and nation, including museums, monuments, and children's programs. This paper will describe some of these competing memories, and work towards proposing a framework for further study of ethnic and national identity in a state with many memories, but little history. [1-07]

CAVE, Wenona A. (University of Chicago) ENCHANTING VIOLENCE OR "CHE IS ALIVE (AND LIVING IN TIERRA AMARILLA)" Volumes have been written of Spain's empire in the Americas. Serious study has even been done of New Spain's far northern frontier; and even more specifically, there is a significant body of scholarship concerned with the history of the Spanish and Mexican land grants located in the present day states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Yet there is a tiny corner of the world connected to all such work whose recent history has been sorely understudied. The region of northwestern New Mexico has much to offer anthropological scholarship considering the discipline's multitude of current interests, but I will focus this presentation on a particular set of events which I believe have not received the attention they deserve. I am currently pursuing various interpretations of these events, however, and do not claim my analysis to be complete much less set in stone. My interest is in an organization known as Alianza Federal de Las Mercedes, or the Federal Alliance of Land Grants, which was incorporated in 1963 with Reis Tijerina as its leader and the events which took place on June 5, 1967, in the tiny New Mexico town of Tierra Amarilla. The violent attack that the Alianza made on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse that day, the manhunt that ensued, and the eventual trial of Tijerina and others suspected to be involved, have been explained away as comparable to an inner city race riot, as similar to a violent nationalist movement, or as due to extreme religious fervor. Although each of these explanations are legitimate in their own right and deserve more analysis than they have received to date, none of them makes perfect sense to me and it is my intent to seek an alternative. [2-03]

CEPEK, Michael (University of Chicago) TOWARD A MARXIAN RETHINKING OF NATURE, VALUE, AND CAPITALISM: A DISCUSSION OF FERNANDO CORONIL'S THE MAGICAL STATE Fernando Coronil's The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela represents the most significant recent attempt to rethink and reapply Marxian concepts to contemporary anthropological issues. Aside from being one of the first "ethnographies of the state," Coronil's book consists of a series of critical commentaries on the theories of nature, value, and rent implicit (and explicit) in Marx's vision of the "historical development" of the global capitalist system. This paper will discuss Coronil's suggested revisions of Marxian notions, centering on his interpretation of Marx's presentation of the dialectical development of the concept of capital as well as the series of judgements that this interpretation leads him to make with regard to the role of nature in the production of value and the importance of "absolute rent" in the Venezuelan state's struggle to gain control of petroleum production and profits. Specifically, I will argue that Coronil's use of Marx's central analytical dichotomies -- i.e., wealth: value, concrete labor: abstract labor, use-value: exchange-value, labor process: value creation process -- can only enable a broader consideration of the global character of capitalism's production and reproduction by distorting essential aspects of the social dynamics that Marx argued to be constitutive of capitalist society, thereby calling into question the entire analytical foundation of Marx's mature work. [3-08]

CHITEJI, Lisa S. (Ohio State University) THE MULTI-VOCALITY OF ETHNICITY IN SAN IGNACIO, BELIZE This paper presents ethnicity data for the community of San Ignacio, located in the circum-Caribbean, Central American nation of Belize. The data derive from dissertation fieldwork undertaken from 1992 to 1993. Two systems or discourses of ethnicity are distinguished for this heterogeneous community (Mestizos, Creoles, and nine other ethnic groups). One is promulgated by Belize's national government. The other is evidenced in the daily lives of the community's residents. In this paper, I discuss the content and structure of both the government and "lived" ethnicity systems. In doing so, I point out contradictions between the two. Emphasized is the presence of fixed, mutually exclusive, essentialist ethnic categories for the case of the government system, versus flexible, overlapping, shifting ones for the "lived" system. Possible inconsistencies within the "lived" system are also noted. Throughout the discussion, I draw heavily on one particular set of findings to illustrate my points -- that of local "hue"-sensitivity behaviors and cognitions (involving devaluation of African physical traits in favor of Mestizo and/or Caucasian ones) which assert themselves inconsistently across the data. [2-05]

CHRISTAFFERSON, Dennis (Indiana University) TRADITION AS COSMOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONALISM AS MYTHIC NARRATIVE From the very first, contact with Europeans created a rift in American Indian societies. On one side were those who counseled varying degrees of accommodation and adoption-dubbed "progressives" by less-than-neutral white observers-and on the other, those fiercely loyal to their Indianness, the traditionalists. Traditionalism remains a potent force in American Indian communities as, in one form or another, this dynamic continues to play itself out. Traditionalism is most often thought of in terms of activity and attitude, as a way of doing things. But it may be more useful to think of traditionalism as a foundational narrative, an account of the past which sets forth in symbolic form the ideal moral structure of the world. This was once the role accorded to cosmological myth. In this paper I argue that in many American Indian communities, traditionalism has become, in a real sense, the relevant cosmological narrative for contemporary life. [1-08]

COLEMAN, Enid Gabriella (University of Chicago) THE GREATEST COMPUTER VIRUS THERE EVER WAS: THE GPL (A.K.A. "THE COPYLEFT") AND FREE SOFTWARE PRODUCTION The free software/open source movement, in which software and its source code is legally made available for free over the Internet is a relatively new social movement that consists of a global and decentralized cooperation of volunteer labor amongst thousands of programmers to produce, disseminate, and upgrade various large and small-scale software systems and application. Guiding the distribution and legal definitions of many free software programs such as Linux is a general public license, the GPL (more commonly known as the copyleft) that legally protects free software from becoming proprietary by making the right to have access to and copy the source code an inherent individual and public right as opposed to a private intellectual property right. This paper will examine the implications of the GPL in order to critically evaluate how it conceptualizes the relationship between production, authorship, and property. The GPL offers an alternative conception of subjectivity, knowledge, and creation to current modes of intellectual property regimes such as patents and thus allows for a unique style of production and reproduction. [3-08]

COLWELL, Chip (Indiana University) THE PARADOX OF ARCHAEOTOURISM: ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION AND PRESERVATION AT COPÁN AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TOURISTS AND LAND COVER CHANGE Only in the last several decades have scholars begun to explore the dynamic relationship between tourists and the environment. This interest has largely stemmed from the rise of a "green consciousness," which for the first time made both the public and planners consider the effects of tourists on the global ecosystem. Paradoxically, from this awareness was born the ecotourism concept, which aspired to transform the environmentally destructive activity of tourism into a tool for environmental preservation. In this paper I will examine one subspecies of ecotourism, archaeotourism, at the World Heritage Site of Copán in western Honduras. Using a diachronic analysis of photographs and satellite imagery I will explore the interaction between people and their environment, and the effects of tourists on land cover change. [1-02]

COON, Matt (Purdue University) HOPEWELL POTTERY: CONTAINERS AS CONNECTORS, CONTAINERS AS SEPARATORS Anthropologists have long recognized that uniformities in symbolically charged material culture may be shared among otherwise highly disparate cultural groups. These "interaction spheres," widely distributed through time and space, cross-cut factors of social and political organization. While such symbolic systems may indicate intense interregional interaction and shared cosmological concepts, they may also play highly varied roles in the different cultures that adopt them. In fact, such symbolism is likely to encode a number levels of social meaning, depending upon context. As an example, Hopewell ceremonial ware -- perhaps the most standardized material cultural category in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere -- will be examined in several cultural regions. Emphasis will be on the similar and different ways in which these vessels were used to reflect and to manipulate similarities and differences among social identities. [2-01]

CORAZZO, Nina (Valparaiso University) THE FREAKY FEMALE BODY: PHOTOGRAPHS OF CIRCUS STRONG WOMEN AND CONTEMPORARY BODY BUILDERS There is a history of circus and vaudeville women who have chosen to modify their bodies through diet, exercise, surgery, and even drugs so as to develop their muscles for purposes of exhibition. This practice now continues with female bodybuilders. Because these women transgress the traditional boundaries of what constitutes the normative soft, fragile, non-muscular female body, they are categorized by some as Other or Freaks. This paper will address the issue of the subversive body of the muscle-bound woman and what constraints are placed upon it. [1-04]

CORDWELL, Justine M. (The May Weber Foundation) IT'S ALL IN YOUR IMAGINATION: IGNORING FEELING IN THE MORE COMFORTABLE ANALYSIS OF ART AS MATERIAL CULTURE The world of human experience seems to be divided, rather unevenly, between actions and products caused by these, based on either cognitive processes or those coming from affective response, and those based on non-rational bases, such as religion. Anthropology as a discipline must face the fact that cognitive analysis of the non-verbal symbols we term art forms encompasses far more than the role we seem to have assigned it in material culture. This paper explores the roots of art forms and human aesthetic needs. [3-12]

COSTELLO, Kathleen (Indiana University) FAMILY PHOTOGRAPHY: COLLECTIVE MEMORY THROUGH INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVES This paper examines recent scholarship on the practice of popular photography as a family activity. It examines the ways that family memory is constituted by the institution of snapshot photography, using ethnographic material to show how the members of one particular family use photographs to constitute individual and collective memories. Manipulation of photographic conventions, deliberate and accidental "forgetting," and multiple concurrent interpretations of the same photograph are strategies used during this memory-making process. This paper asserts that photographs are physical and visual documents to which flexible memory-making processes are attached. [1-07]

CUMBERLAND, Linda A. (Indiana University) ASTRIDE OUR OWN MYTHOLOGY: FOUR ACCOUNTS OF THE CYPRESS HILLS MASSACRE OF 1873 This paper offers a symbolic analysis of four accounts of the massacre of Assiniboine Indians at an encampment in the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan on June 1, 1873. These include the historical account as documented in several written sources, an eye-witness account of a white participant, an oral history given in 1995 and 1999 by an Assiniboine descendent of the massacred band, and a fictionalized version in the award-winning novel, The Englishman's Boy (Vanderhaeghe 1996). The four versions, each "true" when considered on its own terms, are compared for absence or presence of various symbols, a selection process by which each seeks to achieve a specific purpose and reflects the culture from which it emerges. In his essay "When Myth Becomes History" Levi-Strauss asks, "When we try to do scientific history, do we really do something scientific, or do we too remain astride our own mythology in what we are trying to make as pure history?" (1978:41). It is argued here that the question entails the essay title's inverse, i.e., that through the culturally constructed meanings of symbols, the four accounts exemplify a process by which history becomes myth. [1-01]

D'ANDREA, Tony (University of Chicago) UTOPIA AND TOURISM IN IBIZA: THE GLOBALIZATION OF COUNTERCULTURES Tourism is the main industry of the island of Ibiza, the region with the highest per-capital income in Spain. Climatic and economic factors are necessary but not sufficient to explain why Ibiza became one of the most charismatic places in the world. This condition must be related to its long countercultural history and status: artists, bohemians, hippies, gays, single mothers, sannyasins, freaks, and other historically (self-) marginalized peoples and experiences, which became the center of Ibiza's cosmopolitan life, are now globally marketed by various economic agents. The island is home of the biggest night-club on the planet, and held the first MTV Festival, evincing that nineties Techno dance (counter?-) culture is now the main source of Ibizan tourism, economy, "social problems," and utopian promises. [2-07]

DAY, Michelle (University of Chicago) DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS? MEDICAL NETWORKS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO This paper traces multiple medical networks pertaining to Tzeltal Maya-speakers in Chiapas, Mexico. In a region where indigenous medical practices are often starkly contrasted against "Western" forms, an examination of these medical networks instead suggests that Tzeltal Maya-speaking practitioners and patients often cross ethnic, linguistic, and community boundaries in both the practice of, and the search for, medical care. [2-03]

DELLINGER, Neil A. (Illinois State University) BONES, BARRIERS, AND BAD NEIGHBORS: A STUDY OF INTERGROUP CONFLICT IN SETTLEMENT PLACEMEN T DECISIONS IN PREHISTORIC CENTRAL ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY While studies of settlement patterns of prehistoric societies in North America are common, warfare is one of the least studied -- and most controversial -- topics in New World archaeology. Also, these two topics are rarely examined together; this is particularly true of the central Illinois River valley. I argue that settlement-placement decisions made by Middle Mississippians in this region were not based solely upon ecological considerations; besides climate, resource availability, and other features of the physical environment, these people also believed that problems of potential conflict were of critical importance in the location of their communities. In this paper I review most of the literature on burial practices, architecture, and settlement-distribution patterns of Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian sites in the central Illinois River valley. I find that there is strong archeological evidence -- such as the presence of fortifications, or a penchant for choosing certain geographical features such as defensible bluffs -- that indicates that intergroup conflict was of primary concern to these societies. Also, the artifactual analysis is consistent with the material culture of contemporary small-scale warring societies, such as the Yanomami, found in the current ethnographic record. This indicates that conflict -- if not outright warfare -- was endemic to this area at these times. [1-06]

DOW, James W. (Oakland University) GLOBALIZATION AND THE PROTESTANT ETHIC Protestantism followed the transformation to the market economy in Europe in the nineteenth century. Protestant theology helped people accept the accumulation of wealth. Max Weber analyzed this process in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and in other works. His theory was inherently psychological and dealt with the needs of the middle-class entrepreneur. Protestant theology made the pursuit of wealth a holy calling and relieved the businessman of guilt concerning social obligations that would interfere with his accumulation of wealth. It is not surprising therefore that a new wave of Protestantism is accompanying the global spread of capitalism to the far corners of the world. However it is surprising that it now affects the poorest natives rather than wealthy businessmen. Weber's theories need some revision to explain the role that Protestantism is serving in the new global capitalistic expansion. This paper expands Weber's theory by looking at the political instead of the psychological problems faced by an expanding market economy. The political obstacles placed in the way of the market economy can also be overcome by Protestantism. These obstacles are often more intense in poor native communities than in already modernized urban ones. [3-10]

DULANTO, Jalh (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) COSMOGONY AS COSMOLOGY: A SYNTAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE MYTHICAL CYCLES OF THE HUAROCHIRI MANUSCRIPT "The Huarochiri Manuscript" of the 17th century Central Andes is often regarded as a disorganized collection of accounts that recollects mythical beliefs and ritual practices from pre-Hispanic and colonial times. In this ethnohistoric study I follow a syntagmatic approach to the analysis of the narrative structure of these accounts. I show how the narrative, sequential ordering of the accounts presented in the first part of "The Huarochiri Manuscript" is particularly relevant in understanding how the cosmological and social orders of the Huarochiri people of the 17th century are defined in the spatial and temporal confluence of their regional landscape and history. In so doing, I show that at least the first part of "The Huarochiri Manuscript" is closer to be a unified narrative rather than a disorganized collection of accounts. [1-05]

EASTMAN, Benjamin (University of Chicago) LICENCIA DEPORTIVA: BASEBALL, NATIONALISM, AND MASCULINITY IN CASTRO'S CUBA In Cuba, beginning in elementary school, young boys who show interest and promise in baseball are offered sports in a state-run, Soviet-style sports academy known as EIDE (Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Escolar). Provided these boys continue to improve, they can remain in EIDE until the tenth grade, at which point, if they are deemed worthy as potential national Team-caliber players, they are allowed to continue, moving on, in ascendant order and contingent upon continued success, to ESPA (Escuela de Superación y Perfeccionamiento Atlético), municipal teams, provincial teams, and finally, the National Team. In this paper, I want to examine these state-run processes of selection and education as moments of not only athletic training but of a potentially ironic inscription of the state on the bodies of these young boys as they develop as baseball players, citizens, and, of course, men. While the socialist Cuban state as expressed in the Marxist influenced edicts and institutions of Castro's regime (e.g., EIDE) dismisses class and racial stratigraphies in Cuban societies, divisions exist, and baseball can serve as a means of transcending these divisions, of moving up (e.g., from EIDE to the national team; from small towns to Havana; from poverty to luxury; from mere player to hero; from boy to man), though never without the risk of failure or falling out (i.e., being cut from the team). [2-02]

ELSTON, Verity Susan (University of Chicago) RECONSTRUCTING MIGRANT COMMUNITIES: INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ITALIAN MEZZOGIORNO In the early 1990s, a thousand-year-old Calabrian hill-town on the edge of Italy's southern peninsula was facing extinction. Its isolation from the Italian state and the European core was proving insurmountable as it lost its working population to economic migration. Then in December 1997, over 300 Kurdish refugees landed on the shore nearby, radically transforming what could have been a commonplace tale of transnational migrancy and a dying town. With the participation of NGOs and municipal authorities, a project was founded on goals of "international solidarity" and "alternative tourism," intended to recuperate the town's fortunes while giving the Kurds a viable alternative to their original destinations in north-western Europe. Abandoned houses were renovated for tourist accommodation and buildings were converted into craft shops and restaurants -- integrative possibilities for Calabrians and Kurds to work together. In their common experiences of peripherality and migration, the town's current inhabitants have reconfigured their conception of the community, transforming it from a local version of the nation to a global constitution of the local. The town, no longer an inactive "problem" for the Italian nation-state, now proactively searches for its own re-animation in an unusual way. Nonetheless, political, social and economic realities challenge the ideological optimism inherent in the project. I examine how real desires for the project's success struggle amidst ambiguities and tensions, where alternative tourism is a fickle business and international solidarity is often difficult in practice. [3-03]

EVANS, Nicole (Indiana University) FROM TEXT TO REALITY: ON THE INTERPRETATION OF TRANSLATIONS OF NATIVE TEXTS When working with historical documents the analyst is faced with the problem of interpreting translations of native accounts and narratives. This paper addresses this problem identifying pertinent issues to be considered when dealing with such data. A symbolic analysis of these types of historical documents should begin with a consideration of the style in which they are presented. Drawing on various sources of native Arikara narratives presented in English, I hope to show the important of this initial step in such an analytic process. [1-08]

FADIGA-STEWART, Leslie (Indiana University) SUN, SAND, SEA, SEX . . . AND THE STATE?: TOURISM POLICY AND SEX TOURISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA This paper will investigate the political and socio-cultural dimensions of tourism policy. The basic tenet of the problem model is that previous approaches that have looked at tourism in developing countries have seriously overlooked the political and gendered aspects of tourism policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Tourism has been actively encouraged as a tool for economic development in SSA and is now the region's and the world's fastest growing industry. Tourism policy and sex tourism in developing areas has been studied by disciplines such as ecology, geography, anthropology, and sociology. Unfortunately, the critical role of the state has been missing from these analyses. In addition, the proliferation of sex tourism as a consequence of tourism development in Sub-Saharan Africa has not received sufficient attention in political science or in policy studies. Much of the research on sex tourism is geographically biased towards Southeast Asian countries. Thus, paper will discuss why greater attention needs to be paid to tourism policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study will go beyond previous approaches to provide an enhanced understanding of the role of the state and the gendered and political process of policymaking. A greater understanding of the possible adverse outcomes of tourism policy will not only improve policymaking, provide greater information on how certain individuals and groups have been impacted by policies in the past, but will contribute to strengthening overall economic development in the Sub-Saharan African region. [1-02]

FRANK, Robyn (Indiana University) SNAP-SHOT MEMORIES IN MIDDLE AMERICA This paper discusses the ways in which family memory is created through home snap shot photography. Using the method outlined by Richard Chalfen, I look at the visual codes that Middle class Americans maintain in their pictures (Chalfen, 1987). Standards of representation in family photography point to its constructive force in making and re-making memory. [1-07]

FREEMAN, Antonio T. (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AMBIVALENCE: DOMINION-HAITIAN INTERDEPENDENCE AND ANIMOSITY The Dominican Republic and Haiti, while geographically contiguous, are divided by a historical legacy of divergent colonial development, deep (and deeply held) cultural differences, and outright open warfare. However, the two nations remain inextricably linked in a web of mutual interdependency. In particular, the Dominican Republic finds itself caught between two driving motivations. On the one hand, it depends upon Haitian immigrant labor to provide the agricultural workforce for the production of sugar and coffee. On the other, the country has a historical desire, along with concomitant concrete attempts, to repudiate its African heritage and purge itself of all vestiges of Haitian contact and influence. In late 1999 this desire led to the mass summary deportations of perhaps tens of thousands of Haitian immigrant workers and Dominican-born Dominicans of Haitian descent. Through consideration of media texts; patterns of consumption and production in the Dominican Republic, Dominican notions about Haitians as needed labor and simultaneously personae non gratae; and the impact of the existence of a relatively open border between the two nations, this paper will examine the particular dynamics of the Dominican-Haitian relationship that creates a political economy of ambivalence. [3-09]

GALLAGHER, Thomas E. (Ursinus College) ACCEPTING CHANGE WHILE REMAINING PLAIN: THE OLD ORDER AMISH RESPONSE TO TECHNOLOGY Farming is one element of Amish life that appears quite traditional yet has changed rather dramatically. The causes of these changes are many and complex. Some of the pressure to change is internal such as when members of the community desire some of the machinery that outsiders already have, but a more important source for these changes is the intentional and unintentional pressures that arise from the surrounding society. When industries try to buy farmland for a factory or developers try to buy it for a subdivision, the price of the land skyrockets. In some of the older communities, the price for farmland has increased geometrically while at the same time the income the Amish receive from their farm products has increased only slowly. Inevitably, the Amish find themselves in a position where they either change or lose their farmland. Even when economics is not the issue, the surrounding society may still force a change. In the middle of the 1950s, farm machinery companies decided to stop manufacturing horse-drawn equipment with an eye to concentrating on tractor-drawn. Local Amish entrepreneurs, began to convert tractor-drawn equipment to horse-drawn. In this paper I will explore some of these changes in agriculture through the eyes and life of the first Amish man who converted tractor-drawn equipment for use with horses. [2-04]

GARZON, Mary A. Franken (University of Wisconsin, Madison) COSTA RICA'S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER IN IMAGES OF NATURE AND SOCIETY Agricultural frontiers in the neotropics by and large follow the path of deforestation and environmental destruction as is the case in the Talamanca Region or Costa Rica. The multiple cultural and ecological meanings of the agricultural frontier are examined from the point of view of Cabecare Indians and White squatters: Upper Chirripó Indian Reserve and the village of Grano de Oro are the lived landscapes of the current frontier. This paper departs from the current vogue for deconstructing the concept of "nature" without attention to environmental problems. Both Indians and Whites position themselves Adentro in opposition to Afuera (the rest of the country). Afuera includes Grano de Oro for Indians. Adentro y Afuera is found in local constructions of landscape which have much to do with race, gender and ethnicity. Modes of agricultural production cast doubt on the popular description of the region as hinterland. Currently successful Indian land reclamation is the source for much social discord. Historically colonization by whites was the source for such discord. How people create a sense of place is explored through a strategy of emplacement for an understanding of nature and society in increased Indian sedentism and threatened White colonization. Generational kinship data, central to the analysis on emplacement, raises questions about the vision of history supporting the neat categories of traditional and acculturated societies. [1-11]

GERSHON, Ilana (University of Chicago) WHEN EMPATHY IS DANGEROUS: PREDICTING INTENTIONS IN SAMOA MIXED MARRIAGES This paper explores the interpretive role of empathy in cross-cultural marriages between Samoans and European New Zealanders. I argue that empathy plays a limited and often hazardous role in Samoans' attempts to understand others' behaviors and motivations. When Samoans marry someone whose primary cognitive tool for negotiating the self-other divide is empathy, predictable tensions ensue. This paper explores the impact on marriages when each spouse uses a different culturally legitimated technique for deciphering people's motivations. [1-12]

GILBERT, Andrew (University of Chicago) MISREADING THE BODY IN ETHNIC CLEANSING: MISTAKES, STAKES, AND ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT BIOLOGICAL BODIES AND THE BODY POLITIC IN STUDIES ON MASS RAPE AND SEXUAL TERROR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Studies of mass rape and sexual terror as tactics in the strategy of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina rarely employ explicit theories of the body even though they rely heavily on an assumption which uncritically links the biological bodies of women and men (inhabiting roles as both victims and perpetrators) and the social body politic. Yet this is crucial if we are to understand how violent acts committed on biological bodies are social actions, meaningful to families, communities, and nations, and not merely behavior at the level of brute force. Different studies on mass rape and sexual terror employ the language of "tactics" and "strategies" in a framework of meaningful action, intention, means, and ends because intentionality is necessary to assign responsibility at the moral and legal level. This paper seeks to make explicit the implicit assumptions about biological bodies in these studies and reveal the implications of abstracting biological bodies as a condition of possibility in assigning responsibility for the acts as well in committing them. [3-08]

GILHAM, H. Tanya (West Lafayette, Indiana) THESE FOOLISH THINGS: OBJECTS AS CONTAINERS AND CONNECTORS TO AND FOR MEMORY This paper investigates the material object as a container for memory and as the connector not only between the past, the present, and the future, but also between the highly private, personal, and unique, worldview of an individual and that of the shared, communal, and socially constructed world. [2-01]

GOFFMAN, Ethan (Purdue University) PARADIGMS AND DEFINITIONS IN ESL The field of English as a Second Language has long sought to identify itself, to connect itself to other fields -- linguistics, psychology, anthropology -- and to contain, or explain, itself through paradigm construction/adoption. Paradigms are, of course, necessary in order for a field to organize itself, to channel directions and methodology. Yet they are also restrictive. Thomas Kuhn describes them "as a strenuous and devoted attempt to force nature into the conceptual boxes supplied by professional education." In English as a Second Language -- and, I believe, in most other fields, particularly those at the juncture of several disciplines -- the best practice is to remain aware of the power of paradigms to constrict, to be flexible and attuned to a variety of approaches, even while of necessity applying favored paradigms. [2-09]

GOOD, Mary K. (University of Chicago) PEER GROUP CULTURE AND THE PERPETUATION OF IDENTITY AMONG NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN Interactions between generations play a crucial role in preserving ethnic identity and culture for Native Americans, especially within the urban context. Relationships within one's own age group also have important implications for maintaining and changing this cultural identity, too, especially for children of school age. The omnipresent mainstream trends and ways of life exhibited at school vie for children's attention and endorsement while threatening to overtake the place of traditional native American culture. Yet, somehow, children strike a balance between these two competing cultural worlds, using elements of each to succeed in their own school subcultures. This paper will look at how peer group culture among Native American children helps to perpetuate traditional cultural values while changing them to fit the needs of modern demands on children. [2-05]

GOODING, Erik D. (Indiana-Purdue Indianapolis) SING FROM THE HEART, SING FOR THE PEOPLE: THEME(S) AND VOICE(S) IN DAKOTAN SONG AND SINGING, 1640-2000 This paper explores two key components to the understanding of Dakotan vocal music, theme and voice, and their interrelationships to process (singing), product (songs), and participants (singers/spectators) in Dakotan song events. The Dakotan peoples are composed of five linguistically and culturally related Northern Plains Indian groups, known more commonly as the Santee-Sisseton Dakota, Yankton-Yanktonai Dakota, Lakota, Assiniboine, and Stoney. Drawing from the historic record, as well as from my own fieldwork, the topics of theme and voice will be explored in relation to four genres of Dakotan vocal music: Bear (Healing) Ritual, Kahomni, Round Dance, and the Powwow. [3-12]

GOVERNALE, Anna (Indiana University) VIDEO RECORDING FUNERAL RITUALS: ETHNICITY AND MEMORY AMONG A COMMUNITY OF GHANAIAN MIGRANTS In the larger context of migrants' identity and ethnicity, this paper shows how Ghanaian migrants use video recording as a media to maintain links within family members. Mourning practices are built around memories and are performed in order to remember the life of a person that is not physically present in the community anymore. This paper is about death and funeral rituals among a community of Ghanaian migrants in Palermo, Italy. It is based on data collected in the field in the beginning of the 1990s. During a traditional memorial celebration a professional cameraman videotapes the event. The videotapes then circulate among the local community and are sent to members of the family abroad. This is how individuals prove that duties have been fulfilled and the death of a relative has been honored. During a memorial, the large community of migrants is invited to celebrate and sometimes even local people take part in the celebration. Remembering the dead establishes links with the world of the living, and the world of the dead. Remembering the dead is not an individual practice but a creative collective process. I argue that through the use of media, individuals continue to maintain and perform their roles in the family and the whole community reassesses its ethnic identity. [1-07]

GUETSCHOW, Mary A. (Butler University) IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY OF GREEK AMERICANS This paper is an exploration of how important Greek ethnic identity is to Greek Americans. How do Greek Americans feel that their lifestyles continue to reflect "Greek ways?" I argue that key points of ethnic identity reflecting the "Greek ways" are language, appropriate gender roles, Orthodox religion, strong kinship ties, a sense of history, and participation in traditions such as festivals and dancing. Drawing on ethnographic research in Greece and among the Greek community in Indianapolis, the continuity of Greek ethnic identity in America emerges. [2-05]

HAMLISH, Tamara (Beloit College) THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN A POST-NATIONALISM STATE National Museums play a central role in establishing the cultural legitimacy of modern nation-states. Throughout the world, national museums participate in a universal rhetoric of national heritage that is manifested through the collection and display of material objects. Yet the collapse of colonial empires and the rise of new pluralistic political entities presents a challenge to the hegemonic discourse of the nation and its symbols. In this paper, I turn to one example of this process: the National Palace Museum (NPM) on Taiwan. The government of the Republic of China (ROC) has, for more than fifty years, positioned itself as the legitimate government of China, claiming political legitimacy in part through the imperial collections housed in the NPM. Through a deftly constructed narrative, the state presents a dazzling display of cultural and political authority in the suburban hills outside of Taipei. Examining that narrative within the context of contemporary Taiwan politics, however, reveals a gradual erosion of the singular voice of the state. The state's response, through the museum, to increasingly pluralistic political voices reflects the often radical measures taken to maintain political hegemony. Through an examination of the narrative structure of the exhibition halls, the place of the NPM among a growing number of museums on the island, and the context of broader political process, I suggest that the National Palace Museum serves as a fortress against, rather than a forum for, challenges to the global system of nation-states and emergent pluralistic political processes. [2-11]

HANOVER, Evan M. (University of Chicago) JUMANJI! SPORTSCENTER AND THE SECRET DISCOURSE OF THE FAN In the twenty years since its inception, the cable network ESPN has transformed not only the coverage of sports on American television, but also the very discursive framework through which those sports are reported, marketed, and discussed. A pivotal factor in this transformation has been the weaving of a unique style of humor and wit into the reportage of ESPN's nightly news show, Sportscenter. Humor, as it occurs in everyday discourse, is not merely the result of the observation of something that is intrinsically "funny." Rather, it is an experience which is predicated on a complex of idiosyncratic and cultural knowledge and a metapragmatics which frames said knowledge in such a way so as to make that resultant experience possible and manifest. By co-opting American pop culture phrases and reentextualizing them within denotational descriptions of sports or by adopting the habit of punning on the names of athletes, to name some example techniques, Sportscenter has generated both the requisite idiomatic knowledge and the very metapragmatic framework which its humor is dependent on to succeed. It is through the creation and usage of this idiolectic wit that Sportscenter has accomplished more than to provide entertainment to a broad base of sports fans; it has also become a locus for a distinct discursive and humor community. [2-02]

HARNER, Jane (Illinois State University) WARES RED, WHITE, AND BLUE: IRISH PEASANT MATERIAL CULTURE AT THE TIME OF THE FAMINE There is still much to be learned about the daily lives of Irish peasant farmers prior to, and during, the Irish Potato Famine beginning in the mid 1840s. In this paper, I will examine certain key aspects of Irish peasant lifestyles by focusing on a set of artifacts recovered in the town of Ballykilcline in County Roscommon during excavations made in 1998 and 1999. I evaluate a number of diagnostic historical artifacts -- including redware, ceramics, glass, and some metal items -- and conduct several typological analyses. I show how these objects reflect peoples' dispositions towards notions of possession, material culture, and property. Unlike what is commonly believed -- that these "peasants" were penniless and without property of any kind -- I argue that they actually had a very sophisticated set of attitudes regarding personal property and its symbolic importance. Besides showing that complex trade networks with local towns (and even cities) must have existed in the area, this study sheds light on the living conditions of a people trying to survive in spite of tremendous hardships. As such times of famine and economic oppression are unfortunately all too common in many places in the world, a study of this particular Irish case has both practical as well as theoretical implications. [1-06]

HOFMAN, Nila Ginger (Purdue University) SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF ZAGREBIAN JEWS According to some scholars, Jewish identity construction is a matter of symbolic ethnicity, a social mechanism that inevitably leads to assimilation. This model has been employed to predict the future of Jewish communities in post-communist societies. Drawing on ethnographic data collected among Zagrebian Jews, I argue that symbolic ethnicity has been a more or less permanent feature of Jewish community life in Zagreb since the late-18th century -- and that the symbolic ethnicity model underestimates the significance of the symbolic component of identity construction and the maintenance of Jewish community life. [2-05]

HOPGOOD, James F. (Northern Kentucky University) THE CONTESTED ICON: JAMES DEAN AND FAIRMOUNT This paper explores the struggle for control of the image and icon James Dean in the small Indiana town of Fairmount. On one side is the town's historical museum, representing local people and a local view. On the other side is the James Dean Gallery representing, at least to the local people, "outsiders" and a "foreign" view. Some mediation is provided by the James Dean Foundation. The Museum presents Fairmount, its history and famous people, in a way considered accurate and favorable. Dean is the local kid who made it big, thus fulfilling the "American dream." For the Museum, the very image of Fairmount and its people is at stake in controlling Dean's story and image. The Gallery represents a challenge to the integrity of the Museum's version. The Museum claims legitimization and priority in its position as having the "authentic" representation of James Dean in its exhibits, which it proudly proclaims in its brochures and billboards. Complicating the Museum's efforts to control the presentation and representation of Dean is the presence of the James Dean Memorial Gallery, established in 1988, by a man and his partner from New York City. For many Museum people the establishment of the Gallery was an "invasion" from the "big city" and brought with it all the "evils" town people associate with the city. Several dimensions of the contested Dean image will be discussed, including one that is at the center of the struggle: the issue of Dean's sexuality. [2-11]

HUBBARD, Amelia (Beloit College) MUSEUMS IN MASS MEDIA: REFLECTIONS AT MR. BEAN This paper will explore issues surrounding the portrayal of museums through mass media. Using the film "Mr. Bean," I examine the questions of authenticity. For example, in the last scene, Mr. Bean swaps the original of a painting (Whistler's Mother) with a copy of the promotional poster, because he has damaged the original beyond repair. When the show opens, people are not able to tell that the portrait is a reproduction/fake, in large part because viewers are kept several feet away from the portrait by constructed barriers. The film points to the highly controversial nature of authenticity with respect to contemporary museum exhibits and collections. While some experts contend that reproductions are as valuable as the "real thing," particularly for purposes of educating the public, others believe that the museums experience resides in seeing the "real thing." These questions provoke further reflection on a range of issues, including the ownership of cultural property, the importance placed on "famous" works of art, and corporate support/mass marketing in museums. Through an examination of these issues through the movie "Mr. Bean," as well as other recent examples of "blockbuster" exhibits that attracted significant media attention, I suggest that mass media shapes our understanding of the museum experience as much as museums themselves. [2-11]

HULL, Cindy V. (Grand Valley State University) "YO NO SE TORTILLAR": THE LOSS OF RITUAL IN THE BORDERZONES Corn and the ritual of making tortillas are integral to our understanding of Mexican life and culture. Even though the Yucatan is far from the borderlands which separate Mexico from the United States, the pervasiveness of western economics, culture and society have permeated the core of traditional Mayan culture. In this paper, I will explore how this event, this loss of tortilla making, represents a kind of microcosm of events that are occurring at the international and international arena, beyond the control of the Yucatecan peasant, and how it further symbolizes changes that are occurring within the village itself that are embedded in local social and familial interaction. [2-03]

ISKRA, Annette (University of Chicago) IS THERE LIFE AFTER WAR? : PTSD AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG CYPRIOTS Since 1974 two-thirds of Cyprus have lived under military threat while the other third has been under military occupation. Are people living in the unoccupied part of Cyprus suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and if they are, can they experience relatively high life satisfaction? This study examines self-reported life satisfaction in Cypriots 23 years after the Turkish Invasion and has four objectives. One, to determine whether persons will report a high life satisfaction after experiencing war trauma and continued living under military threat. Two, to determine whether respondents with PTSD have the same level of life satisfaction as non-PTSD respondents. Three, to identify predictor variables of life satisfaction in Cypriots. Four, to determine whether life experiences are related to a negative worldview reflected in Cypriots' life satisfaction. Previous research has documented the development of PTSD after war trauma. Trauma therapists report that persons with PTSD are disillusioned and view the world as unsafe, unfair and immoral. Research on Holocaust survivors suggests that, although survivors may suffer from PTSD, they are relatively satisfied with their life reporting that their Holocaust experience aided in developing a positive attitude towards life. Prior research has neither examined differences in PTSD symptoms and their relationship to life satisfaction, nor compared life satisfaction with notions of morality. This study attempts to fill this research gap that may aid in program development for countries with large numbers of war victims and to send war survivors hope that, yes, there is life after war. [1-09]

JULSTROM, Eric (Centre College), Myima SORENSON (Centre College) THE BOUNDARIES OF "LA VIDA LOCA": NIGHT LIFE IN THE MARISCAL This paper is an insider/outsider ethnography of a very popular bar/club in a lively barrio of Quito, Ecuador. The authors worked for several months as featured bartenders/entertainers at this club and share their insights on the 'wildness within limits' of the international bar culture. [3-05]

KARDULIAS, P. Nick (College of Wooster) MAXIMIZATION OF GRAZING RESOURCES: HERDING ON ISOLATED ISLANDS IN THE AEGEAN REGION Despite its often forbidding terrain, with limited arable land, the Aegean region, encompassing the Greek mainland, the western part of Turkey, and a number of islands, has been home to agricultural societies since the very beginning of the Neolithic. Over the past 9,000 years, the inhabitants of the region have developed a viable subsistence system based on the cultivation of a variety of domesticated plants and the herding of animals, primarily sheep and goats. In what may well be the continuation of a very ancient pattern, the modern people of the area continue to follow a mixed strategy of farming and animal husbandry. Part of that pattern involves the use of various locales as grazing land for the herds of goats and sheep. The advantage of ovicaprids over other domesticated animals, such as cattle and pigs, is their ability to thrive on the relatively meager fare available during the dry Mediterranean spring and summer. In the effort to find adequate forage for their animals, herders on the mainland and on larger inhabited islands often transport their flocks to islets that are uninhabited by people because of either the complete lack or minimum presence of potable water. The animals are left to forage on their own for a specified time, and then are returned to the mainland or larger island. This paper examines this process as part of a strategic plan by herders to make the best use of land at their disposal. [3-02]

KARDYS, Shannon (Illinois State University) THE AFRO-BRAZILIAN ROOTS OF AMERICAN BREAKDANCING There is a distinct similarity between the Brazilian martial-art form Capoeira and breakdancing in the United States. In this paper I examine some of the formal techniques and movements that appear to be extremely common in both activities. I will then look at the similarities in the structure and performance of these two art forms, and look at their social -- and actual physical -- settings. I argue that, through diffusion, Capoeira from Brazil has become recontextualized into modern American breakdancing (though, of course, this is hardly the only influence). In particular, I suggest that breakdancing has taken certain styles from Capoeira and incorporated them within specific breakdances. I claim that in places where breakdancing occurs (especially at the start of its popularity), an increase in the Afro-Brazilian population is found. Statistical data supports this claim. However, not all American breakdance practitioners are necessarily well aware of these Brazilian roots. This, then, is another example of African-American artistic syncretism: the resulting new form which develops when African elements get combined and recontextualized in New World contexts. [1-10]

KATCHKA, Kinsey A. (Indiana University) MAKING PAST AND PRESENT: POLITICS OF MATERIAL CULTURE IN SENEGALESE MUSEUMS In this paper I take a socio-historical approach to material culture and politics in Dakar, Senegal. Since the colonial period, the Museum of the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN) collection has presented "traditional" African art situated in an ethnographic present characteristic of that era. Elsewhere in Dakar, the recently inaugurated Ecopole of Dakar (est. 1996) exhibits material culture in a more immediate, urban present. Comparing these two exhibitions clarifies that the "present" in question depends on the social, historical and political context during which each was assembled. The IFAN Museum illustrates the policy of Senegal's first president, Léopold Senghor, who strongly advocated support for the arts. Art institutions in a newly independent Senegal promoted a nascent nationalist identity rooted in an idealized African past. Contemporary critics assert that the general public seldom frequents the IFAN Museum because its "tradition" and "culture" evolved from experience detached from local life (cf. Camara et al., West African Museum Project Bulletin, 1995). In 1996, UNESCO and ENDA Tiers Monde inaugurated the Ecopole of Dakar, a community-based museum. The Ecopole incorporates everyday and global influences on contemporary urban culture rather than preserving an abstract African past. With its permanent exhibition of objects made from recycled materials, the Ecopole challenges long-standing exhibition standards pertaining to African culture, experience and authenticity. By examining each museum's exhibitions, I show how past cultural policy is finding a progressive, dynamic present and future. [2-11]

KAWAMURA, Hiroaki (Ohio State University) Winner of the CSAS 1999 Leslie A. White Award THE 20TH CENTURY NEZ PERCE ECOLOGY: HOW AND WHY HUNTING, FISHING, AND PLANT/ROOT-GATHERING PRACTICES ARE IMPORTANT" This paper will examine how contemporary Nez Perce Indians relate themselves to the surrounding environment. The data from the ongoing fieldwork will be examined within the framework of symbolic and political ecology. The Nez Perce Tribe is a federally recognized tribe with its reservation in north-central Idaho. Based on the Treaty of 1855 and subsequent court decisions, the Tribe retains unique resource rights in the surrounding region. Despite the radical changes in life-styles, most tribal members claim that their hunting, fishing, and plant/root-gathering activities are "very important." The key question of this paper is in what sense these practices are "important" and how that perception affects Nez Perce resource exploitation. The results show that the Nez Perce concept of "landscape" is being defined through political negotiations with the mainstream society as well as cultural traditions, which in turn shapes Nez Perce patterns of resource exploitation. For example, methods of harvesting and preparing roots are often determined by a strong sense of authenticity and ethnic identity rather than effectiveness and efficiency. This paper concludes that the environment is crucially significant for the contemporary Nez Perce in the sense of "natural capital" (Prugh, Costanza, Cumberland, Goodland, and Norgaard 1995). Although hunting, fishing, and plant/root- gathering activities do no longer play a major role in accumulation of calories but play crucial roles in accumulating "symbolic capital" (Bourdieu 1990) which shapes all aspects of Nez Perce life. This finding leads to the recommendation that sustainable development needs to incorporate more thorough cultural analysis into its planning. [1-11]

KEHOE, Alice B. (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee) WHOSE EARTH? WHOSE LIES? THE AMAZING ALLIANCE BETWEEN VINE DELORIA, JR., AND THE (POST-BARRY FELL) EPIGRAPHIC SOCIETY A core group of men within the Epigraphic Society founded by Barry Fell endeavored after his 1994 death to maintain the work he led in identifying and deciphering pre-Columbian inscriptions in the Americas, while purging their efforts of the too-facile interpretations for which Fell was often faulted. Following publication of his 1995 Red Earth, White Lies Vine Deloria, Jr. wrote to the Epigraphic Society suggesting its members "begin to think in terms of a strategy for breaching the hallowed walls of academe in an irreversible fashion." The editor of the Society's Occasional Papers, Jon Polansky (a medical researcher on the faculty of UC-SF Medical College), responded to Deloria's invitation and the two men collaborated to publish in the respectable western history Journal of the West a special section of papers by several of these Epigraphic Society core members and three academics serving on the Society's advisory board (Journal of the West 37[4]:6-57, October 1998). Journal of the West will publish this year a paper by one of the core group, Richard Nielsen, arguing for the authenticity of the Kensington Rune Stone, against the Smithsonian's labeling the stone a hoax in its current "Vikings" blockbuster exhibit. In this paper I describe the unexpected alliance between Deloria and this fringe group as they attempt to outflank orthodox academics. [2-04]

KENYON, Susan M. (Butler University) THE DISCOURSE OF THE MUTILATED WOMAN: UNIVERSAL FEMINISM OR NEO-IMPERIALISM This paper explores contemporary discourses of African women which resist the imperialist implication of damaged bodies, damaged selves inherent in the popular acronym FGM (female genital mutilation). Recent focus among African feminist academics has been on the way the debate in the west over forms of female circumcision has served to reconstruct old inequalities and prejudices through embodying ideas of otherness, in a uniquely gendered fashion. How far are these arguments penetrating the larger debate over women's rights? And whose voices carry authenticity in this debate? These are some of the questions that are also raised as the political nature of the debate intensifies. [1-04]

KIRK, Wyman O. (Indiana University) THE ACTING OF WORDS: CHEROKEE ACTION, THOUGHT, AND WRITING The importance of language as a symbol of identity is not a new topic, but the factors influencing how a people view their language and use their language remain subject to inquiry. Among the tribal Cherokee population in Oklahoma, the Cherokee language maintains a distinctively strong hold on the Cherokee imagination. Its relevance in day to day interactions is undeniable, but few people realize the magnitude that Cherokee speakers often give to the power inherent in speaking, thinking, and writing Cherokee. Not only is Cherokee perceived as a part of being Cherokee, but also as a vehicle for action. Through thought, speech, and writing, Cherokees act upon their world in ways not available to them through English. This paper, then, will explore the myriad of ways that Cherokee speakers act through the use of the Cherokee language. Attention will be given to the use of Cherokee in sacred formulas, conjuring, and the idea of "thinking" in general. [1-08]

KLENS-BIGMAN, Deborah (New York Budkai) MARTIAL ARTS IN THE MEDIA, PART I: JAPANESE CLASSIC FILM This presentation is an exploration of choreographed swordsmanship in Japanese films of the 1950s and 1960s, using Seven Samurai (Akira Kurosawa, 1954) and Chushingura (Hiroshi Inagaki, 1962) among other examples. The paper will examine issues of logic and authenticity of techniques used in fight choreography, the dramatic quality inherently present in the sword techniques and how this quality is exploited in the service of the fight scenes and plot development. Further, the paper will discuss how authentic technique might be sacrificed in order to forward the demands of the plot, and how fight choreography aids in interpreting characters and reflecting the filmmaker's point of view with regard to representations of the samurai class. For example, in Hara-kiri (Masaki Kobayashi, 1962) and Kill! (Kihachi Okamoto, 1968), violence and the role of the samurai in society is mocked, whereas in The Seven Samurai and Chushingura, the noble character of the protagonists is revealed through their martial actions. Sources will include Alain Silver's The Samurai Film (1983) and Kurosawa's The Seven Samurai and other Screenplays (1992), along with the films themselves. Examples of scenes from films under discussion will be shown. [3-12]

KOCKELMAN, Paul (University of Chicago) ILLNESS AND INTENTIONALITY AMONG THE Q'EQCHI' MAYA This paper treats the relationship between illness and intentionality among the Q'eqchi' Maya of Guatemala. It examines inferential techniques used by speakers of Q'eqchi' to account for illnesses ranging from low yields of maize crops to birth defects in children. These illnesses are shown by a series of iconicities to relate agricultural production to social reproduction, and these techniques are shown to turn on violations of moral injunctions and attributions of intentional states. In particular, intentional states such as "disgust," "shock," "fear," and "desire" are retrospectively attributed to those afflicted on the basis of an inferred violation of a moral ground such as the sharing of food, the separation of sexes, and the maintenance of sobriety. It is argued that although these intentional states are comparable to their English equivalents on the basis of grammatical structure, discursive expression, and behavioral entailments, their relationship to causality, responsibility, and morality is not. To wit: they are used to explain experiences undergone, not actions undertaken; they are used to account for affliction, not mete out punishment; and they are said to be caused by others' violations of sociocentric norms, not events in the world or one's own mental states. Thus the spheres of agricultural production and social reproduction are united not only by relations of similarity among their respective illnesses, but also by a shared nexus of causality, responsibility and morality that grounds actions towards and attitudes about unexpected or marked phenomena.

[3-08]

KOHRS, Russell H. (College of Wooster) CERAMIC PRODUCTION BY THE INHABITANTS OF THE MILLWOOD ROCK SHELTER (33-KN-395), KNOX COUNTY, OHIO: A PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Excavation of the Millwood rock shelter revealed a large assemblage of potsherds and chert flakes and tools. One of the sherds collected was a Cole Cord-marked rim dating to the Late Woodland period. Petrographic analysis of this and the other sherds revealed that the temper and fabric of which they were composed was of an igneous origin. No such igneous source lies anywhere nearby. The Millwood rock shelter was inhabited seasonally by local people, but also may have, at times, been frequented by people from outside the area. Were the inhabitants collecting materials for ceramic production locally, or were the clays and tempers brought here from other regions? The analysis on which this report focuses attempts to address this questions of production as it links to issues of prehistoric settlement patterns in central Ohio. [3-02]

KOOPS-ELSON, Mark (University of Chicago) RISK-HEDGING AND RISK-TAKING IN CAPITALIST REPRODUCTION Drawing on the historical writings of Max Weber, Fernand Braudel, and Peter L. Bernstein, I argue that the creative tension between risk-hedging and risk-taking plays a critical role in the development of capitalism. This will be shown through tracing a series of institutional developments, from the "sea loans" of ancient maritime trade to the publicly traded joint-stock companies of today. This paper foregrounds a generative capitalist dynamic which, though embedded in the strategies of historical actors themselves, is overlooked by most scholarly explanations of capitalist expansion. [3-08]

KRIZANCIC, Catarina (University of Chicago) THE LASTING TRAVELS OF HIGH-CHIEF KAPIIKAUIINAMOKU, IMAGINED, ACTUAL, AND OTHERWISE Cosmopolites and confidence men, common to 19th-century fact and fiction, were epitomized-if not mythologized-in Herman Melville's urbane "Cosmopolitan" working a Mississippi steamer in The Confidence Man (1857). This character had numerous antecedents in popular inter-Atlantic magazines, literature, and other lore, but also recalled Melville's own years as a South Seas beachcomber, as narrated in Typee and Omoo. South Seas beaches were indeed awash in cosmopolites and confidence men from about 1890 onwards. Beachcombers and Polynesian chiefs alike sported the names of Euro-American- Polynesian grandees, and most had regalia, anecdotes, and pedigrees to prove it. If the record is to be believed, many had seen the world's splendours; if not, the stories still made good cosmological sense. The question, however, is not merely one of truth or falsity, for people were traveling, exchanging and inter-marring at a phenomenal rate in the 19th century, especially in the South Pacific. The real issue is rather that of changing degree over time: how far did people migrate? How far did they say they had migrated? How far are they now remembered for having migrated? In this regard, I introduce Sammy Amalu-who preferred the name "High-chief Kapiikauiinamoku" in print. A Hawaiian of the late-20th century, thrice jailed for fraud, he was also a cousin of Prince Liholiho. Known to have visited California, Colorado, and Washington, said to have impersonated Indian Rajs, Hawaiian kings, and British industrialists, he himself claimed descent from French, German, and Tahitian aristocratic families, marriage with an Italian princess, and paternity to a son studying in Switzerland. The darling of Honolulu society in the seventies, he died a bachelor. Today, both his celebrity and his circle of cousins grows. [3-03]

KUZNAR, Lawrence A. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) THE LOGIC OF SACRIFICE IN ANDEAN RELIGION Sacrifice is a ubiquitous element in indigenous Andean religious traditions found among Aymara and Quechua people. The logic of sacrifice stems from a common belief in the interdependence of the living and the supernatural. Sacrifice is the means by which the supernatural is sustained, obligating the supernatural to reciprocate the gift by providing the living with fertility, rain, crops, animals, wealth, and whatever else the living desire for their material support. The economic nature of sacrifice, the need to sustain the supernatural so that the living can attain what they need, leads to another element of Andean sacrificial logic: the greater the need of the living, the greater the sacrifice. These logical elements are contrasted with Judeo-Christian concepts of sacrifice as worship. [3-10]

LESLIE, Carrie (Centre College), Kelly CONRAD (Centre College) WOMEN'S (CAREFUL) WAYS OF BEING IN ECUADOR This presentation documents some of the many paths taken by women in Ecuador today. The material culture, creative products and enterprises as well as the world views of these primarily indigenous women are glimpsed. [3-05]

LINDKVIST, Heather L. (University of Chicago) WHEN TWO MORAL VIEWS COLLIDE: CONSIDERING FEMALE "CIRCUMCISION" IN THE UNITED STATES This paper examines the ongoing debates in the United States regarding female "circumcision," not only regarding the practice itself but also the nature of domestic and international intervention. Underlying these debates are the conflicting discourses of universalism, articulated by feminist and human rights organizations, and cultural relativism. Until the past decade, these debates have focused on the Western attempts at eradication of the practice within Africa. However, with the increase of immigrants and refugees from cultural traditions that practice female "circumcision," the United States, as with other Western liberal democracies, must now confront the moral, social, and legal dilemmas this practice entails within its borders. While these dilemmas seem to be resolved through the criminalization of the practice, alternative strategies such as the proposal to perform "symbolic circumcisions" by a Seattle hospital in 1996 -- dubbed the "Seattle Compromise" by legal scholar Doriane Lambelet Coleman -- indicate a moderate position concerned with cultural sensitivity. Using the "Seattle Compromise" as the point of departure, this paper will discuss the interaction between the conflicting discourses of universalism and cultural relativism in the United States as they collide with the perspectives of the Somali diaspora. This paper will also examine how the female body, as a site of praxis, becomes a metaphor for assimilation and normalization. More specifically, I will explore how this "cultural collision" encompasses opposing views regarding the nature and form of the female body, as the locus of negotiation for gender, aesthetics, and moral norms. [1-09]

LITTLE, Walter E. (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) PRODUCTION, REPRESENTATION, AND SUBJECTIVITY IN THE GUATEMALAN TOURISM BORDERZONE Kaqchikel Mayas, as típica vendors and tourism subjects, live in a borderzone of constantly shifting tourists and geographic boundaries that disregard the territorial borders of nation-states. In this tourism borderzone, they are not quite the subjects of the Guatemalan nation-state, nor the contemporaries of tourists. This paper considers how Kaqchikel Mayas live within a tourism borderzone that is multiply constructed by the Guatemalan government, the international tourism industry, tourists, and by Kaqchikel Mayas themselves. The critical and creative ways that Kaqchikel Mayas engage this tourism borderzone are related to Guatemalan State and touristic terrains of power and representation that make Mayas their objects and subjects. [2-03]

LORIMER, Anne (University of Chicago) POSSESSIVE PERSPECTIVES IN BUILT PUBLIC SPACE: FAIRY CASTLE SPECTATORS IMAGINE BEING RICH AND DIFFERENT When people project themselves into the lives of others, they often imagine changing their spatial position or acquiring new possessions: seeing from someone else's perspective, putting oneself in another's shoes, or experiencing other societies through their material culture. This paper examines consequences of vicarious possession for visitors to the Fairy Castle at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry (MSI). This fantastically opulent dollhouse was produced by Hollywood's set designers for its proprietor, a silent film star, and its elusive occupants, the Fairy Prince and Princess; but it has long been exhibited as a spectacle for MSI's socioeconomically diverse public, who read its decor and furnishing through a social lexicon as e.g., "cold," "feminine," or "genteel." Visitors discuss what it would be like to inhabit such a space, sometimes enviously, sometimes with more complex joking responses, as when visitors play themselves as selfish mothers, fantasizing about a home vast enough to muffle children's screams, or as crassly demanding modern consumer technologies in this quasi-aristocratic site; and they foresee ways in which their present social connections would ultimately make such a "lifestyle" unsuitable. Visitors are thereby constructing perspectives on their lives -- including their role as spectators, as when a retired social worker resents glass barriers' treating him like a vandal, or evangelical Christians are meekly grateful for what can be seen through the crowds. Such vicarious and triangulated self-knowledge manages the demands of living with socioeconomic inequality, and living with self-respect. [1-12]

LOWE, Candice M. (Indiana University) BLACK BODIES IN ADVERTISEMENTS: GENDER, "LIBERATION," AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT African American scholars of media have often pointed to the Civil Rights era as the period where blacks experienced liberation from their roles as "wanna-be" whites in advertisements. Coinciding with political agitation and the attempt to signal that "black" bodies were as good as "white" bodies, dark bodies became acceptable and desirable in advertisements aimed at Blacks. Yet, very little research has been conducted with the intent of learning the ways in which color was gendered in Black advertisements during the Civil Rights era, and the ways in which black consciousness was informed by these images. This paper presents on-going research on the relationships between color, products, and gender in advertisements intended for a Black audience. It suggests that if the "Black is Beautiful" message and the social message of liberation as put forth by the Civil Rights movement reached Black women at all, it was ambivalent and temporary at best. Such research gives insight into how these images helped to (re)make Black consciousness and forge a collective memory that would (or not) transform the Black body into one that was equal to white. [1-01]

LUNDERGRAN, Tiffany (Centre College) SYNCRETISM AS CULTURAL CONTAINMENT: THE 'MAMA NEGRA' FESTIVAL OF LATACUNGA, ECUADOR Every September 22 to 24, a major festival, called colloquially "Mama Negra," is held in Latacunga, a small city in the highlands in part of Cotapaxi province in Ecuador, and thus subject for centuries to the "volcan" Cotapaxi's eruptions. Delightful and fascinating syncretisms abound in this fiesta, ranging from religious processions of cross-dressers to veneration of a small black icon known as the Virgin Mary's cook. This paper describes and documents from field experience the wildly syncretic festivities and begins to demonstrate their possible function as productive cultural containment(s). [3-05]

MARRIOTT, McKim (University of Chicago) CONGRUENCES OF BODY, PERSON, AND MORALITY IN HINDU CULTURE Classical Hindu postulations of five elements, five sensory and motor impulses, three humors, and three relational properties are all both analogous and congruent in their three-dimensional forms with widespread Hindu ideas as to the four principal moral concerns of persons in social life -- coherence, advantage, attachment, and release. Just as various combinations of the elements generate the six basic flavors by which foods and medicines are described, so the four moral concerns by their various combinations generate both the eight-fold classical Hindu sets of principal human emotions and sentiments, and four of the principal moral issues in modern India's recurrent policy debates -- class, violence, purity, and spirituality. The analogous, congruous, and generative, recursive relations among these categories of daily life reinforce such categories' continuity among Hindu persons living in the modern world. [1-09]

MARROW, Jocelyn (University of Chicago) THE MIND POSSESSED: IMPLICATIONS OF SPIRIT ATTACK ON A THEORY OF MIND FOR NORTH INDIAN HINDUS This paper explores what the capacity to be possessed by a soul other than one's own informs us about the structure of the mind in the context of Hindu Benares, and Hindu North India, more generally. Persons in these geographical regions sometimes attribute socially undesirable or marginal behavior to the work of spirits that invade persons from outside. Sometimes these spirit forces are completely outside the social group, as in wandering bhuts, but other times the spirits stand in a liminal relationship to the physical substance of living persons/family members, as in the case of possession by prets, that is, deceased ancestors. Experiences of possession usually are experienced, constructed, and interpreted in the context of the family. This paper presents cases of spirit possession in Benares and explores the interpersonal transactions that are involved in becoming possessed, and in constructing the interpretations of possession. Psychoanalytic theories and theories of South Asian interpersonal "fluidity" are examined to determine how they can contribute to the development of a model of mind, person, and family that is vulnerable to possession. The following questions are addressed: transactionally constituted boundaries create family units that share a substance. When and how do these boundaries become permeable to ghosts and spirits? How can psychoanalytic concepts such as splitting the id and the superego be used to construct a model of mind and morality for a cultural group where boundaries are constituted by transactions among persons, rather than constituted by the container of the physical body? [1-09]

MARSHALL, James A. (Schaumberg, Illinois) THE PREHISTORIC EARTHWORKS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, THEIR MATHEMATICS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF CULTURE Kline, in his Mathematics: A Cultural Approach, relates the mathematics introduced into Europe with the Renaissance to revolutionary influences in art, architecture, map making, law, religion, literature, astronomy and other sciences, and much more. This lecturer began in 1965 surveying and mapping the geometric earthworks of Hopewell times here in Eastern North American from which he has derived the principles and methods of their mathematics. This lecturer holds that anthropologists could do as Kline does: relate the specifics of this mathematics to their influences on Native American culture in Hopewell times and subsequent centuries. [3-04]

MCCANDLESS, Kenneth A. (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) THE "LEYENDA DE LOS SOLES": A NARRATIVE OF MEXICA COSMOGONY This syntagmatic analysis of the 16th-century "Leyenda de los Soles" reveals some of the genetic and structural principles underlying the creation of both the cosmological and social orders of the proto-historical Mexica. By examining the relationships of mythological elements to each other from a diachronic narrative perspective, rather than one of static structuration (i.e., French structuralism), the indigenous concepts of the genesis and evolution of their cosmos and society, rather than simply the basic organizational principles thereof, are elucidated. A syntagmatic perspective also shows that the so-called "mythological" and "historical" portions of the myth are not so divisible, but that the mythological operations are evident throughout the text. [1-05]

MCCLURE, Michael T. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne), Marta Alfonso DURRUTY (Universidad de Chile) RESULTS OF RESEARCH INTO BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF MORTUARY POPULATION FROM THE SITE OF AZAPA 8 (CHILE) The investigations described in this paper used a bioarchaeological approach to analyze the genetic relatedness of thirty-one previously unstudied mortuary remains from Azapa 8, a Late Agriculturalist (AD 1250-1425) archaeological site from the Azapa Valley, Chile, located 11 km from the Pacific Ocean. Grave goods from this site have led investigators to determine that the population consisted of colonists from the Altiplano region near Lade Titicaca. Other artifacts found in association with Azapa 8 indicate ties with the Gentilar culture which practiced a mixed agricultural, pastoral, and fishing subsistence economy. This interpretation relies heavily on the theory of horizontal complementarity first proposed by Murra (1972), that has become a central paradigm within Andean studies. Murra (1972) argues, based on evidence provided by ethnohistorical sources, for colonists being relocated into varied ecological zones of the Andes in order to exploit resources specific to those regions. This model was assessed by visually inspecting and scoring twenty-eight morphological dental traits using standardized methods established by Turner and Scott (1977) and Turner et al. (1991) The data suggest that the genetic relatedness of the Azapa 8 populations resembles that of local contemporaneous populations and do not indicate an intrusive population from the highland region. [3-04]

MCCOLLUM, Timothy James (University of Tulsa) DANCING ON WHEELS: INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, AND OBSOLESCENCE AMONG THE SAC AND FOX OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA Exemplified specifically within the context of humor, the paper will focus on the issue of indigenous language use as an expression of identity. The ethnographic context involves experiences while in attendance at the Sac & Fox nation 39^th Annual Pow-Wow (July 10-13, 1997) held on community grounds near Stroud, Oklahoma. In short, the Sac & Fox speak many things known to them and to few others. However, Sauk, the indigenous language of the Sac & Fox people, is in a state of rapid obsolescence. Feeling the need to maintain their cultural resources in order to survive in a world of encroaching external and converging internal pressures, Sauk preservation and revitalization efforts have been initiated, primarily by those within the community itself. Their language, or ênâtowêyakwe ("how we talk"), serves as an invaluable connection to their ancestors and spirituality, and provides a grounded sense of expressed identity in who and what they are as a people. The thesis project on which the paper is based was an effort at capturing that sense. [2-05]

MCINTOSH, Michelle (Purdue University) PACKAGING WASTE Waste is everywhere in Don DeLillo's "Underworld" (1997): from the garbage lining the streets to the nuclear waste under the streets and the "junkies" in the gutters. DeLillo shows us a world where waste is what we are and what we do. Waste is our history and our future. "What we excrete comes back to consume us." In a world where the culture mandates that we must "consume or die," the garbage can really pile up. It seems ironic that a society which is so unconcerned about producing waste is so overly concerned about becoming waste in the aging process. It has been persuasively argued that before 40 we bear the face we were given, and after 40 the face we earned. We might expand this metaphor to inspect the material and metaphoric trash of our culture as a whole. However much we semantically contain our "landfills" and connect them to building sites, it's still possible to smell a rat. Ultimately, waste is our signature. [2-01]

MENCHEN, Ericka (Loyola University Chicago) VIRTUAL MUSEUMS AND THE PRODUCTION OF CULTURAL IDENTITIES Millions of people have access to the World Wide Web. All of these people can view, or even create virtual museums. Going on a "tour" of these museums is easily accomplished at any computer terminal. The Internet is part of our "virtual geography" and we willingly suspend our disbelief of the reality of the museums. The intended audience varies widely, due to the nature of the Internet. There are great differences, in content and intent, between the sites I am considering. Culture is produced, reproduced, mutilated and spat back at us in innumerable combinations, and one significant part of that is in the form of virtual museums. The shape that virtual museums take shows us what, beyond the physical structure, makes a museum a museum. In this paper, I will look at the different ways these museums are constructed and how this relates to the identities of Internet users. Some of the sites I will use as examples are, http://www.airsicknessbags.com/, http://www.wpafb.af.mill/museum/, and http://www.artmuseum.net/. [2-11]

MERRELL, Daniel L. (Purdue University) "EL PULQUE POR SU FERMENTACIÓN, EL PUEBLO CON LA OPOSICIÓN": CONTENTIOUS COMMUNITY IN CUAUTEPEC, MEXICO, D.F. The valley of Cuautepec, located in the northern-most tip of Mexico City, is historically marked as the picturesque home of Mexica warriors and princes, pulque-producing hacienda owners, and the first ejido established by president Lázaro Cárdendas. More recently, it has become the home of thousands of rural migrants who have tainted the once-rural Cuautepec with the irrevocable process of urban sprawl. As the physically, socially and politically marginalized migrant communities began to self-organize and demand their right to government-funded infrastructural improvements, the members of the original community of Cuautepec also flexed their political muscles to maintain their hegemony in the valley. The resulting political economy, fueled by competing political groups determined by migrant/originario status, centered on the recognition of power, status, and identity through politically endorsed community projects. Receiving public credit for the completion of a project became more important than the accomplishment itself. Although the people of Cuautepec have been divided by place of origin, political party affiliation, clientelism, and grassroots-level political loyalty, their common investment in the same territory has ensured a commitment to community consciousness. [3-09]

MIERENDORF, Jill (Illinois State University) MONOTHEISTIC INFLUENCES ON POLYTHEISTIC SOCIETIES: AN EXAMINATION OF A DOZEN ISLAND CASE STUDIES This paper examines how -- and why -- cultures of island societies have maintained their polytheistic religions while monotheism has been the dominant force in the rest of the world. In this paper I will look in detail at a dozen island societies that have maintained their polytheism (or have adapted only some elements of monotheism into their polytheistic belief systems). I argue that one reason for the maintenance of polytheism in these places is their island geography. My analysis of cross-cultural statistical data supports this claim, as a correlation is found between physical isolation and polytheism. However, although location has no doubt contributed to their maintenance of polytheism, monotheism has influenced these societies in numerous ways, especially in places where contact is high. As a result, a large number of syncretic religions have developed on these islands. I argue, then, that these religious syncretisms will also cause cultural syncretisms, or amalgamations, to develop. Over the course of time, this is likely to put indigenous religions -- and indigenous societies -- at risk. Thus, an understanding of polytheism is necessary for the preservation of these islands" cultural heritage. And because globalization is now such a pervasive phenomena, the study of the cultural changes resulting from religious transformations is not just important for island cultures, but is now also necessary for a thorough understanding of all societies everywhere. [1-10]

MOORE, Michael B. (Indiana University) "MY FATHER HAS GIVEN ME THIS NATION, AND SO IN KEEPING IT I HAVE A HARD TIME": LAKOTA CONCEPTS OF CHIEFS AND LEADERSHIP There has long been interest in the socio-political organization of the Lakota people of the Northern Plains. Many non-Indian scholars have attempted to describe Lakota political organization by describing a structure that consists of highly differentiated statuses and roles synthesized from a variety of anthropological sources. Such studies, while providing a basic sketch of political organization, miss the cultural significance of Lakota concepts of chiefs and leadership. This paper will examine these concepts from the perspective of cultural analysis. Despite some variation in structure from band to band, Lakota notions of chiefs and leadership shared an underlying set of values and ideals for ethical behavior. Chiefs, as selfless "benefactors of their people," were charged with the welfare of their band and, paradoxically, maintaining the unity of the Lakota as a nation. Fulfilling those obligations proved difficult, as expressed in the cultural idiom concerning chiefs. The Lakota cultural conception of chiefs and leadership is expressed in a system of symbols and metaphors. I will explore this idiom using a variety of Lakota textual sources, which are necessary for explicating the symbols and their associated meanings in the context of Lakota culture. Indeed, the idiom concerning chiefs and leadership continues to inform the discourse on cultural revitalization and political sovereignty among contemporary Lakota traditionals. [1-08]

MOORE, Patrick (Indiana University) THE USE OF DIRECTIONALS IN KASKA NARRATIVES Kaska is an Athabaskan language spoken in the Yukon and Northern British Columbia, Canada. Directionals are a small group of adverbial deictics in Kaska which indicate direction relative to the speaker, or relative to an actor in a narrative. This paper will describe the use of directionals in Kaska narratives. Directionals are used extensively in Kaska narratives and serve a diverse range of functions: identifying the location of actions, providing narrative cohesion, identifying both the main streams of narrative action and asides, and identifying the social roles of actors, and their relation to the narrator. Previous descriptions of directionals in other Athabaskan languages (Rice 1989), Leer 1989) have identified the basic directional stems, prefixes and suffixes. Comparative studies by Leer (1989) have documented the historical development of directionals in Tlingit and Eyak as well as Athabaskan languages. These studies have given little detailed information concerning the actual usage of directionals in Athabaskan languages. In this paper I will treat Kaska directionals as deictics and apply some of the insights from other studies of deictic systems (Hanks 1990) to describing the use of Kaska directionals in narrative. Finally, based on this understanding of the usage of Kaska directionals and Athabaskan directionals generally, I will propose reasons why this system nearly disappeared in Sarsi (Ts;uut'ina), the language of a group of Athabaskans living on the Plains. [1-08]

MORGAN, Mindy (Indiana University) LITERACY AND TRADITION: RE-TRANSCRIBING CULTURE FOR A NEW GENERATION Many American Indian communities are faced with the real threat of native language obsolescence and death within the early part of the twenty-first century. As members of these communities struggle to devise ways of halting and perhaps reversing this trend, they are confronted with the decision of how and to what extent to incorporate native language literacy in their efforts. This paper focuses on the debate within the Nakoda community located on the Fort Belknap reservation, located in north-central Montana, and its impact in the language classes taught at the local college. First, I discuss the various community perspectives on the contentious issue of native language literacy. Then I describe how the community came to adopt a newly developed orthography through its use in the language classroom. While many literacy studies focus on the introduction of writing and how that opposes narrative traditions, I emphasize the re-oralizing embedded in the act of reading and how this functions within an educational setting. Additionally, I examine how the community incorporates older, written texts into contemporary discussion of Nakoda culture, further illustrating the dialectic relationship between text and narrative rather than their opposition to each other. [1-08]

MORTENSEN, Lena (Indiana University) CULTURAL HISTORY IN HONDURAS AND THE "MAYA BIAS": CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PRESENT In recent years Honduras, like many of its Central American neighbors, has adopted an aggressive strategy of developing archaeological parks with the dual goal of increasing economic development and strengthening national identity. Faith in this strategy stems from the incredible successes at Copán, a capital of the classic Maya situated in Honduras' western highlands. Copán, an official World Heritage Site, also qualifies Honduras for inclusion in the lucrative international tourist consortium, the Mundo Maya, which highlights cultural, natural and archaeological resources of its five member nations. Although the ancient Maya make up only a small part of Honduras' rich cultural history, Copán's high profile, and consequent ties to the Mundo Maya, have resulted in the disproportionate promotion of Maya history for both national and international tourist audiences. This paper considers one medium for this promotion, official tourism literature from Honduras, and analyzes the nature of the presentation of archaeological and other "cultural resources" as well as the consequences of the "Maya bias" for the country's rich ethnic diversity. [1-02]

MULLINS, Lanette (Valparaiso University) APPALACHIAN QUILTING PRACTICES: THE KENTUCKY GRAVEYARD QUILT OF ELIZABETH ROSEBERRY MITCHELL In this paper, Appalachian quilt making practices will be discussed. At the center of this discussion is the Kentucky Graveyard Quilt, a memorial quilt created by Elizabeth Roseberry Mitchell in 1843. This example of nineteenth century, Appalachian folk art exemplifies not only the necessity for quilts but also the creative and emotional outlets that they presented to their makers. An examination of the life of Elizabeth Roseberry Mitchell allows an interesting view into the lives of pioneer women who settled in Kentucky from 1800-1900. Quilts constructed during this time are also important expositions of social constructions and of the artistry exhibited by the women who created them. Therefore, this presentation will also include an explanation of the types of quilts, the techniques of quilting, and fabric dying practices. Further, an analysis of the Kentucky Graveyard Quilt reveals that quilts and their independent parts served as symbolic representations heavily seeded with religious overtones and indicating the large role that religion played in their lives. This presentation will include actual examples of quilts and the author's personal interest in quilt making. [1-04]

MULLOOLY, James (Teachers College, Columbia University) HUMOR IN THE CLASSROOM: INTERACTIONAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING FORMAL LESSONS By analyzing ethnographic data generated from the classroom interaction of members of an alternative middle school for Latinos of low SES in a Midwestern city, current assumptions regarding the situated character of formal learning were refined. The data generated were based upon full time participant observation of the 1998-1999 school year and analysis of Video taped classroom activity. John Dewey described educational process as encompassing many more aspects of life than those implied by the term "schooling" and warns of descriptions of education that are "unduly scholastic and formal" (1966:4: Democracy and Education. New York: Free Press). Regardless of this warning, much of the research on educational process is constrained by theoretical frames that conceptualize education as limited to a formal informal dichotomy. As the rigidity of this dichotomy may obscure more than illuminate classroom accomplishments, researchers like Goldman (1996. Mediating Micro Worlds. In CSCL, T. Koschmann, ed,. pp. 45- 81. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.) have begun to illustrate the interdependent nature of informal aspects of schooling to the acquisition of the formal content of lessons. The findings support the argument that multiple tasks are being accomplished simultaneously. After describing how certain informal aspects of classroom interaction (like joking) are essential to the maintenance of formal instruction, video clips of classroom interaction will be used to illustrate the limitations of such a dichotomous classification. The paper concludes with suggestions for a modified conceptualization of these phenomena. [2-04]

NDUBISI, Chioma (Indiana University), Nzinga BLAKE (Indiana University) SYMBOLS AND MEMORIES THROUGH FAMILY PHOTOGRAPHY Photographs have significant meanings in the lives of many individuals. We usually take photographs for memories of special moments in life; and later we use these pictures as symbols to represent aspects of family and friendship. By combining our separate projects, "Discovering Life Through Home Media" and "Do You See What I See," we will together examine the relationship between pictures and memory in this paper. We assert that pictures encapsulate both specific memories as well as represent certain symbols. For example, a picture from our high school graduation holds memories of that particular occasion while at the same time symbolizes our high school education. By examining the process that home media, specifically photography, works to capture and construct memories, we will consider how photographs become symbols for multiple memories. [1-01]

NOWAK, Kathleen M. (Ball State University) LEARNING AT LEGON: WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A FOREIGN EXCHANGE STUDENT IN GHANA This paper will reflect on the academic life of foreign exchange students as well as my personal experiences at the University of Legon in Accra, Ghana. Issues of gender, color, and nationality will be a major focus of this paper, as these factors serve as predominant influences to an exchange student's experience. The topic of this paper is valuable to the field of anthropology as it investigates the Ghanaian educational system and how it serves the foreign exchange student community. It provides insight into the experiences and treatment of a specific subculture of students. This paper illustrates foreign exchange students' relationships with each other, native students, and professors, as well as a description of the structure of the academic system at the University of Legon. [1-03]

NYERGES, Endre (Centre College) SPATIAL IMPACT OF VILLAGE LOCATION ON VEGETATION IN SIERRA LEONE Tools of spatial analysis imported from Geography are invaluable aids in studying anthropological questions relating to the impact of human settlement on vegetation. In particular, recent research in the Kissidougou region of western Africa has employed aerial photographs and satellite images in arguing that environmental degradation caused by humans has not occurred in that area. Instead, the authors of the Kissidougou study claim that anthropogenic creation of forest islands has occurred, and they further assert that scientific opinion to the contrary reflects colonial-era biases. The Kissidougou image analyses, however, were conducted without benefit of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques, which are now readily available for the examination of spatial relationships. In research conducted in the nearby region of Kilimi, Sierra Leone, I find only limited evidence of forest island creation. Instead, I hypothesize that although the local swidden farming system is generally conservative of resources, common management variations that are best explicable by reference to the social system may lead to forest change and degradation. In examining this hypothesis, I analyze the pattern of forest distribution and change in this region using aerial photography and Landsat satellite imagery. Specifically, in this paper I focus on the detailed examination of vegetation distribution in relation to settlement location using a digitized and georeferenced aerial photograph of the Kilimi area as analyzed by the ARC-View software. The results support the hypothesis that farmers in Kilimi settle near forest and other natural resources, but that over time farming activity may lead to a decline in forest cover. [3-05]

OLSON, Loren (West Lafayette, Indiana) CONTAINERS AND CONNECTORS EQUAL ENERGY FLOW Whether gathering grain, preserving the bones of one's elders or storing and retrieving information, containers and connectors alter the flow of energy. Energy has been the subject of my art work, from abstract flying fragments to vases. Between abandon and control, searching the border, the boundary of a chosen vessel, courting serendipity and surrendering to the properties of materials in ways that reflect observations of the natural world, I have painted vessels for over a decade. Boundaries are stated, restated, charged, and challenged, displaced, ruptured, and transformed by flows of energy, inward and outward. These dynamics will be illustrated by slides of works on paper from "Amphora Amphorae," "Series and Cycles," "Themes and Variations," "The Earth Series," and "Night Blood." [2-09]

OTTENHEIMER, Harriet J. (Kansas State University) SPELLING SHINZWANI: DICTIONARY CONSTRUCTION AND THE POLITICS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC CHOICE IN THE COMORO ISLANDS This paper surveys dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoros with special reference to issues of identity and politics. From sixteenth century word lists to contemporary bilingual, bidirectional dictionaries, colonial, missionary, and scholarly approaches to lexicography and orthography in the Comoros are examined and compared. While Arabic-influenced writing systems have a long history in the Comoros, the experiences of colonialism and independence in the twentieth century introduced French-and phonemically influenced systems. As the Comoros move toward the twenty-first century, linguists and ethnographers are attempting to assist with questions of standardization, literacy, and dictionary construction. The situation remains fluid, with considerations of tradition, modernity, nationalism, and representation to be taken into account. This paper will seek to address the complex interrelationships between orthographic choice, ethnic identity, and political issues in the Comoros, with special reference to the development of the first bilingual, bidirectional Shinzwani-English Dictionary. [2-05]

OTTENHEIMER, Martin (Kansas State University) INTERNATIONAL CORRUPTION AND THE DESTRUCTION OF A NATION-STATE One of three African countries characterized as a "criminal state" by Bayert, Ellis, and Hibou, the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoro Islands has ceased to function in any meaningful way as a political unit. Little is known about the international corruption that has occurred in this nation of the western Indian Ocean and I intend to detail some of the activity that led the country to be recognized as a criminal state. But this paper goes beyond simply describing the criminal activity in the Comoro Islands to portray how international corruption, a growing factor in the political organization of many nation-states, has led to the destruction of this country. [3-09]

PALMER, Donald (University of Chicago) APATHY, ETERNAL RETURN, AND TEXTILE PRODUCTION AMONG NICARAGUAN FACTORY WORKERS This paper examines discourses of apathy and boredom among factory workers in the Nicaraguan textile industry. Using transcriptions of over three-hundred hours of taped interviews with workers, it argues that the pervasiveness of metaphorical techniques linking demons, ennui, sleeplessness and routinization parallel the establishment of new social relations between factory workers and worker -- typically compadrazco networks -- and the transition from peasant agriculture to factory production. In particular, it argues for the prescience of Nietzsche's link between the eternal return of lived experience and moral schemata implicated in social relations. [3-08]

PARK, Sung-Hee (Purdue University) WANGDDA: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ON CLASSROOM VIOLENCE Wangdda is a Korean neologism describing a unique form of violence that is prevalent mostly in school classrooms in collectivist cultures. Roughly translated into "ostracism or "bullying" in English, Wangdda bears striking similarities to the infamous izime of Japanese schools. While U. S. American schools suffer from eruptions of shooting sprees, Korean classrooms suffer from group-induced, long-term, subtle, torturous, and most of all, life-threatening violence among teenagers. This is a heinous crime where only the victims are identified while criminals remain anonymous. This paper describes the recent phenomenon of Wangdda and the social conditions which led to the burgeoning of this unique phenomenon. Here, Wangdda is interpreted in the context of culture and communication. [2-01]

PASSARIELLO, Phyllis (Centre College) PAN-OPTICON, LATINA STYLE: EDGE TOURISM IN A SOUTH AMERICAN JAIL Jail, prison, carcel, house of detention: the women's prison in Quito, Ecuador, is as cozy as concrete gets -- though it is not ". . . this lime tree bower, my prison," that Coleridge describes. From September to December, 1999, a group of researchers/anthro students/gringo tourists visited the prison, specifically visited the foreign, non-Ecuadorian, English-speaking prisoners, on a very regular basis. We used the guise, unconsciously and consciously, of a 'service project,' which we were 'performing' for the inmates. In fact, we were also expanding the limits of our personal prisons, our own lime tree bowers, by feeding off of the more evident detentions of our prisoner-sisters, as they were feeding off of the real gifts as well as the illusory/illusionary attractions of our situations. For many of us, our experiences as 'edge tourists' who were participating in 'jail tourism,' was A if not THE highlight, the ethnographic moment, of our many months in South America. This paper asks and tries to see: Why? [3-05]

PEOPLES, James G. (Ohio Wesleyan University) POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN EASTERN MICRONESIA In studies of cultural evolution, controlled comparison offers a methodology that overcomes many existing objections to attempts to explain the diversity of social and political systems using nomothetic principles. Sahlins' 1950s' investigation of social stratification in Polynesia pioneered this method, but another Pacific region also lends itself to such investigation. Like many Polynesians, the peoples of Nuclear Micronesia appear to have derived from a single historical source, based on previous linguistic, archaeological, and ethnographic research. This paper summarizes some of the provisional results of an ongoing comparative project that relates the diversity of precontact Micronesian political and stratification systems to environmental, geographic, and demographic variability between islands and island groups. [3-09]

PETERS, Derrill S. (Northeastern Illinois University) PALEOPATHOLOGY OF LAPITA SKELETAL REMAINS FROM NEW CALEDONIA Oceania, traditionally is divided up into three ethnohistorical regions: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. The first colonizers of the Eastern Melanesia, who arrived around 3500-3000 years ago, were known as Lapita people. Although "Lapita people" are popularly identified with their decorative pottery designs and ocean-side residency, they are still poorly known. Their origin and ancestral relationship to modern-day Melanesians and Polynesians are subjects of controversy today. The scarcity and fragmented nature of Lapita skeletal remains offer little indication as to what these people looked like, where they came from, and which current population(s) closely resembles them. My research focused on skeletal analysis of the skull, upper and lower limbs for skeletal changes due to pathology, continual exercise and cultural patterns of work. The appearance of skeletal modifications indicate great muscularity of upper limbs which may suggest vigorous maritime activities, perhaps rowing vessels, hand fishing and hauling ropes. Lapita subsistence patterns of horticulture may have contributed to a robust upper body. The skeletal remains used for this study were excavated by Colin Smart in the 1960s from a coastal site in Nai'a Bay, New Caledonia. These remains are dated to 3 500 B.P. This research focuses on similarities and differences of disease type and frequency, muscularity and other features where recognizable between the Nai'a Bay remains with other contemporary Lapita studies and current New Caledonia biological studies. [3-04]

PROVINZANO, James (University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh) ON THE AVAILABILITY OF MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF CREATIONISM It seems to this author that anthropologists and others who deal with human or other biological evolution in the classroom or in our working life have tended to avoid encounters with creationists who challenge our account of everything from the origin of the universe to the origin of Homo sapiens. A perusal of many local newspapers will bring to light creationists who seek to express/legitimize their views. The local newspaper in Oshkosh, Wisconsin is a case in point. Letters on this matter, mainly from a creationist point of view, have appeared regularly for a number of years. They run a gamut from barely literate, ill informed diatribes to carefully crafted treatises on alternatives to Darwin. It is a mistake to assume the creationists are all alike, and it is a mistake to assume they are bound to lose. Since there is local control over much of American education, what these folks think matters. While science is not decided by majority vote of the American electorate, what is taught in schools tends to be. It is important to meet creationists head on or risk having evolution become a minority interpretation of how life on earth came to be. [2-04]

PROVOST, Paul Jean (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne), Randy WOOLRICH (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) THE CONCEPT OF SIN IN MODERN AZTEC RELIGIOUS THOUGHT This paper will examine a modern Aztec myth in order to discover emic ideas concerning sin. Aztec concepts will be discussed and then compared to Western ideas concerning the nature of sin. [3-10]

QUICK, Sarah (Indiana University) THE RED RIVER JIG: METIS MEMORY THROUGH MUSIC "The Red River Jig" is a fiddle song that has become a symbol for Metis identity at multiple levels. My paper will address how this fiddling song and corresponding dance style has generated and continues to generate references to a collective memory. The discourse surrounding references to the "Red River Jig" goes beyond the performance of this particular fiddle tune; it calls generally upon the fiddling and jigging style of the Metis in Western Canada. In addition, other groups, native and Euro-Canadian, perform the "Red River Jig" in a wide range of situations, so this tune is not exclusive to Metis performance. In framing my paper around the "Red River Jig," I will consider the historically dynamic shifts in its production and reproduction. This will involve examining a multitude of media. First, its origins in fiddling and jigging gatherings are multi-mediated performances. Second, the song and/or jigging style have been reproduced in other modes -- audio recordings, video recordings, song books, and historical text references -- which together inform the tradition that surrounds the "Red River Jig." Music is an important factor in Metis identity, and this phenomenon recurs for many ethnic groups globally. Thus, a second relevant issue here is how expressive culture maintains and mediates memory and ethnic identity. The memory may be of a particular place and time, or it may not be expressed in such concrete terms. Therefore, by considering oral traditions of music and dance, which have more recently been reproduced in other forms of media, I will be working towards conceiving how the process of remembrance is located and relocated in different settings. [1-01]

QUIROA, Nestor I. (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) SYNCRETISM IN THE TÍTULO DE TOTONICAPÁN: A SYNTAGMATIC APPROACH The "Título de Totonicapán" is part of the corpus of colonial indigenous texts from highland Guatemala. The manuscript is believed to have been written around 1652 by members of the Nima Yax Maya lineage from Totonicapán. Structurally, this manuscript presents many similarities to the Popol Vuh or sacred book of the Maya-Quiche, because both include a cosmological section followed by a historical account of the dynastic rulers. However, the syncretic nature of the creation section of the "Título de Totonicapán" includes both Christian and indigenous elements, and represents the major difference between these manuscripts. This syncretism has traditionally been considered a negative aspect, thus defining the manuscript as an unreliable source. In 1834 the manuscript was partially translated by Friar Dioniso José Chonay, who excluded the first part of the document due to discrepancies in the syncretic creation account with the Judeo-Christian genesis. The manuscript was not entirely translated until 1973 by Robert M. Carmack. This paper will present a syntagmatic approach to the "Título de Totonicapán." It will be shown that the manuscript presents an order within its narrative plot line despite the level of syncretism in the text. It will also be demonstrated that the discrepancies of the Judeo-Christian genesis presented in the manuscript are not a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of Christian dogma by the author. Rather, the author of the "Titulo" utilized syncretism in order to purposely accommodate biblical names to native beliefs, and thus link episodes structurally within the sequence of a coherent indigenous narrative. [1-05]

REED, Ann (Indiana University) BEYOND THE FOREST: NEGOTIATING OPPORTUNITIES ON THE PERIPHERY OF KAKUM NATIONAL FOREST, GHANA This paper will examine how villages surrounding Kakum National Forest, Ghana negotiate their socioeconomic roles in relation to local tourism objectives set forth by the Ministry of Tourism in cooperation with Conservation International, the Ghana Wildlife Department, and US AID. Approximately 37 villages are situated around Kakum with the total estimated (1994) population at 36,200. many of these villages have been adversely affected by the park's "people out" policy. Locals who had relied upon the land for food were denied access when tourism was developed in the area. Clearly, tensions over who controls access to land and resources not only pose a threat to locals' ability to provision their own households, but tourism is endangered by hosts who see no reward in welcoming guests to such areas. Still, some villages have responded to the shifting economic climate by developing their own tourism niches. This paper will compare the local circumstances of three distinct villages, each of which is advertised as providing a particular tourist attraction as a side trip from Kakum. To what extent does the establishment of Kakum provide an alternative means of income for them? How many locals are actually being employed by the park? How are people providing for themselves, and what do they have to say about the way tourism is being developed locally? In comparing these villages, the varying choices people are making in terms of strategizing to maximize their foothold on the shifting local economy will be presented. [1-02]

RICHARDSON, Marvin (Indiana University) LANGUAGE AND SONG: LEGITIMACY AND LOCALIZING THE POWWOW TRADITION AMONG THE HALIWA-SAPONI Involvement in the powwow culture and other pan-Indian activities among the Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe of North Carolina, have served as outward and inward expressions of Indian identity and culture since its introduction in the late 1960s. Two contemporary championship drum groups, the Stoney Creek Singers and the Red Wolf singers based mostly in the Haliwa-Saponi Indian community, represent a strong tradition of powwow singing and attest to the evolution of powwows in the Southeastern United States. Rediscovery and study on the extinct Tutelo language is revitalizing language use through the medium of powwow songs composed by contemporary Haliwa-Saponi singers. Songs composed in Tutelo legitimize the Haliwa-Saponi drum groups in the competitive powwow tradition and the contemporary Northern Plains style. Native language use in song also allows composers to legitimize their songs within the context of local tribal identity. In this paper, I will present and give meaning to an original Stoney Creek composition and discuss how this and other original songs are symbols of Haliwa-Saponi identity for drum group members, dancers, and the community at large. The use of the Tutelo language in song brings about an awareness of and interest in language learning in the Haliwa-Saponi community, including participation in language classes and limited usage in conversation. The creation of original songs also contributes to a dialogue of song sharing and gift giving typical of the contemporary powwow circuit. [1-08]

RICHMOND, Brandy, D'Arcy MOUSEL, Josh CLARK, and Jonathan KAMIN (Valparaiso University) DIVINATION PRACTICES AMONG VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Valparaiso University is known for its deep grounding in the Lutheran tradition of beliefs. As part of this belief system, the University has held its students to a moral standard that reflects the values and beliefs it holds in such high regard. While shaping students into educated men and women with strong moral codes, Valparaiso University simultaneously remains flexible in welcoming and considering opposing or conflicting belief systems. The practice of divination which runs counter to Lutheran beliefs is nonetheless a reality on our campus. From the consultation of horoscopes printed in the local paper, visiting fortune tellers, the use of Ouija boards, tarot cards, and the psychic friends network, divination practices still occur today. Although there is a strong lack of encouragement of beliefs that conflict with those of the church amongst Lutherans and other faith backgrounds, it cannot be denied that divination practices are undertaken by a number of students. We intend to carry out a carefully detailed plan of study in order to explore the cause and extent of divination practices on our campus. We will compile a questionnaire and then interview twenty students from each target group including white females, white males, international students and African-American students. We will examine whether there is a link between the strength of religious beliefs and an interest in divination. We will ground this with an in-depth study of the historical and cultural background of divination. Finally, we will also become acquainted with divination practices ourselves and go to local palm readers, aura readers, and card readers to experience, first hand, what the students have encountered. [1-04]

RIZZO, James (University of Chicago) "LIVING IN THE NOW," OR HOW TO AVOID CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES AND OTHER HARMFUL ADDICTIONS This paper examines how imaginative projection functions in Gamblers Anonymous (GA), a twelve-step program designed for recovering compulsive gamblers. I argue that much of the recovery work that goes on in GA involves learning to avoid imaginative projection, for example, by learning to avoid obligations to one's past or future behavior, or to the behavior of others. Conversely, the capacity to project relations (agency, emotion, self-regulation) is itself projected and localized through various images of God, the group, or the experiences of newcomers. My analysis relates ethnographically observable phenomena (e.g., deixis) to a more general account of how GA works to resolve compulsions and ethnical paradoxes. [1-12]

ROCKEFELLER, Stuart Alexander (University of Chicago) BEYOND BORDERS AND MODERNITY: GEOGRAPHIES OF BOLIVIAN MIGRATION TO BUENOS AIRES The large majority of men in the highland Bolivian Quechua community of Quirpini have at some time traveled to Buenos Aires, Argentina for wage labor. Many make the trip every year, some go only once or twice in their lives, while others settle permanently in Buenos Aires or other urban areas. In this paper I am concerned with the nature and origin of the places that the migrants experience in their travels. I argue that these places are to a large extent created by the passage of migrants or by the reactions of other people and institutions to their transit. Rural-urban migration, then, which is often conceptualized as travel from tradition to modernity, is best thought of as a joint (but not always harmonious) creating of modernity, of nations, of global capitalism. Migration, a bit like cognition, is the encounter with something half-created by the migrants. This suggests that the borderlands, one of the master-tropes of migration literature, need to be reconceptualized as just one of the significant spaces in which the relationship of nations and people in motion are negotiated. I will consider the creation of the geographies of migration via three situations: the place of migration in the life-narratives of a number of people from Quirpini, the trajectory of a single trip from the highland Quechua community of Quirpini, Bolivia to Buenos Aires, and the recent controversy and soul-searching over Argentine national identity provoked by a new restrictive immigration law. [3-03]

ROLLINS, Brandi (Centre College) WOMEN TELL THEIR/OUR STORIES: FIELD INTERACTIONS IN A SOUTH AMERICAN PRISON This paper provides a look at an on-going ethnographic project in a Quito women's prison. The researcher has used surveys, formal and informal interviews, participant-observation, and after the fact reflection and assessments to give voices to these incarcerated women, and to herself/ourselves. [3-05]

SAITO, Chie (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) SHAPING ETHNIC IDENTITY: TRANSNATIONALISM AND AN INDONESIAN CHURCH COMMUNITY IN SINGAPORE This paper examines expressions of ethnicity by immigrant Christians in an Indonesian church community in Singapore. In particular, I attempt to answer how the Indonesian and Singaporean state ideologies have influenced the ethnic identity of Christian Toba Bataks. Singapore has realized outstanding economic development that has been labeled an economic miracle. For its development, the state has promoted multi-religious and multi-ethnic policies that are based on official racial classifications. According to the official classification, Toba Bataks are categorized as Malays. In Singapore, the Malays are assumed to be Muslims; on the other hand, most immigrant Toba Bataks are Christians. Due to the official racial classification, the Toba Bataks have experienced contradictory ethnic identities. As a result, some of them have sought their identity in the Indonesian official ideology; Indonesia, which is Toba Bataks' ancestral country, has represented itself as a multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and multi-cultural state. The Toba Batak church is the locus of the two state ideologies. The Toba Batak immigrants transplanted their ethnic church, whose headquarters is located in their Indonesian homeland, to Singapore. The church doctrines are imported from Indonesia; on the other hand, Indonesian and Singaporean Toba Bataks share church leadership and membership, which produced ideological struggles. This paper addresses how the two ideologies interact with Christianity and shape Toba Batak identity and how individuals contest the ideologies and express their own ethnic identities. [2-05]

SAMMELLS, Clare (University of Chicago) THE TRANSFORMATION OF LLAMA MEAT INTO BOLIVIAN TOURIST FOOD In highland Bolivia, llama meat has until recently been considered food fit only for poor, rural, and indigenous peoples. Middle and upper class consumers in the capital city of La Paz never saw or requested llama meat in the establishments they frequented. Two years ago, the efforts of agricultural development NGOs, food industry specialists, tourism companies, and indigenous movements dovetailed to recreate llama meat as authentic Bolivian food for foreign tourists. This transformation can be glassed as neither local innovation nor global influence, but reflects the interweaving images that surround this symbolic food within the Andes and abroad. Its new importance for tourists to Bolivia highlights the changing importance of the senses in the process of defining authenticity by and for cultural tourists. [2-07]

SANDSTROM, Alan R. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) ANALYZING CURING RITUALS AMONG NAHUAS OF NORTHERN VERACRUZ A valid cross-cultural theology must begin with a common vocabulary to describe religious phenomena. In this presentation, I will make the argument that studies of religion and ritual curing among indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica have been hampered by the absence of cross-cultural comparison. For historical reasons, anthropology in Mesoamerica has remained largely isolated from research going on in Africa, Asia, and even South America. This compartmentalization works against the comparative framework in which anthropology was developed as the science of custom. I introduce three concepts, pollution, taboo, and mana, that were developed in other world areas and show how they apply to the interpretation of curing rituals among Nahuas of northern Veracruz, Mexico. By employing these and other analytical categories, anthropologists will be in a better position to compare and contrast Mesoamerican healing traditions with those analyzed in other parts of the world. [3-10]

SANDSTROM, Pamela Effrein (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE SEARCH FOR INFORMATION AMONG ANTHROPOLOGISTS Biologists and anthropologists who are specialists in the interdisciplinary field of behavioral ecology have developed optimal foraging theory to describe and explain the decision-making processes of animal and human foragers as they exploit their environment. This presentation reports findings of a study that applies some of the very methods and principles developed by behavioral ecologists to understand how anthropologist-members of this specialty seek and use information in creating new knowledge. The approach assumes that scholars attempt to maximize benefits and cut costs in their pursuit of useful information, analogous to the way that foragers search for and process food resources. From a purposive sample of five active contributors to the specialty, names of recently referenced authors and significant colleagues were assembled to create multidimensional scaling maps of areas of research concern. Findings show that the clustered groups of authors represented in scholars' bibliographic topography reflect variations in searching and handling mechanisms used by scholars to track developments in their specialty, variations accounted for by the optimal foraging model. Repeated referencing of others' work (creating a network of co-citation relationships) is one mechanism by which scholars create and maintain boundaries that facilitate the rejection of irrelevant information. [1-11]

SCOTT, Patrick (University of Chicago) "JESUS MADE ME FUMBLE": SPORT AS DIVINATION This paper attempts to examine the relationships between space, identity, performance, religion, and divination in the Mesoamerican ballgames. It is argued that competition, balance, and chance largely form the conditions of possibility for compelling divination, divine intervention, and aesthetic success to occur. A comparison with American popular sports suggests that this pattern may have broader implications in the study of sport in general. [2-02]

SCOTT, Stephen Kingsley (University of Chicago) THE VALUE OF PARTICIPATION: COMMITMENTS TO REFORM AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN BOLIVIA The concept of a "participant framework" has been useful for the analysis of social interactions and events. In this presentation, I argue for a second-order phenomenon -- a culturally, historically, and institutionally-specified "framework of commitment" -- analytically distinct from, though emergent in, the putting "in-play" of participant frameworks. The burden of my paper is to demonstrate that, first, these two orders of phenomena are often not distinguished/able, leading to a seeming transparency between one's role as participant in social interaction and one's obligations or responsibilities to participate in a certain capacity, both in and beyond the space-time of interaction. Second, I show how the relation between these frameworks (e.g., degrees of "transparency" but also disjuncture) bears important consequences for subsequent social action -- e.g., consequences upon the effectiveness of interactional work across time, space, and states-of-affairs. The argument is made by analyzing the 1953 Agrarian Reform in Bolivia, where local corporate institutions -- peasant syndicates -- were instituted and charged with enacting a large-scale redistribution of land and resources. While the frameworks of participation remained quite stable -- as specified by Decree in 1953 and put into practice on the ground -- the second-order frameworks of commitments, obligations, and responsibilities were quite ambiguous, leading, in fact, to multiple, competing emergent manifestations. I argue that this relation of disjuncture between participants and their commitments qua participation, had important consequences for the success of the reform, the peasant syndicate, and ultimately for the management of resources, social and natural. The value of participation in interaction, then, is related to the (re)production of both social and natural worlds. [3-08]

SEYMOUR, Daniel N. (Ball State University) "IT ALL STARTED AROUND THE TIME I GOT HERE": LOCAL HISTORY AND COMMUNITY SOLIDARITY IN AN AMERICAN COLLEGE TOWN Based on approximately one and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork, this paper explores the ways that contemporary understandings of local history inform and motivate community projects in a Midwestern American college town. Presently, there is a widely recognized cleavage between, on one hand, this town's student population, and on the other, its permanent residents. This division is a relatively new phenomenon. The paper argues that the schism arose as a result of specific historical events and subsequent reactions to these events by townspeople. At the heart of the conflict is a long running public discourse concerning the role of temporary residents, such as college students, in the larger community. While there are numerous examples of community oriented projects that are explicitly intended to mend the breach between these two segments of the population, one such event, an annual barbecue festival, stands out as particularly significant. Participation in the planning and implementation of this festival has revealed that many residents, both permanent and temporary, draw upon their understandings of the town's history to interpret the current conflict, and likewise employ these understandings to potential community-building efforts. [2-04]

SHOEMAKER, Alan (University of Iquitos, Ecuador) GRACE AND MADNESS: THE SHAMAN AS "MEDICINE" This paper will address the methods used by shamans to treat and cure while at the same time being able to define and focus patients' psychosomatic abilities to "heal thyself." [3-10]

SHUTES, Mark T. (Youngstown State University), Holly L. PREZIOSO (Youngstown State University) LAND-USE ANALYSIS IN ANCIENT KORINTH, GREECE: THE USE OF GIS IN UNDERSTANDING AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES This paper, which is part of an on-going ethnographic study of a rural agricultural community, Ancient Korinthos, located in the northern Peloponnesus, Greece, will examine two critical aspects of land-use in that site: (1) how data on land-use, collected in the field, was transferred to a computerized geographic information system (GIS); and (2) how the resultant computerized data is used to generate an accurate statistical base model of the current land-use, production strategies, and gross income for farmers in Ancient Korinthos. The implications of the use of GIS for future cultural anthropological fieldwork will also be examined briefly. [3-02]

SICK, Rebecca F. (Ball State University) NONMETRIC TRAIT ANALYSIS OF FOUR EAST CENTRAL INDIANA SKELETAL POPULATIONS This paper will demonstrate nonmetric trait analysis as a useful tool for the physical anthropologist and archaeologist. Nonmetric trait analysis can be done on poorly preserved or incomplete skeletal remains, and can provide information about intergroup relationships, biological affinity and the natural history of the population. [3-04]

SIMON, Beth Lee (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) THE INTERSECTION OF GENDER AND LITERACY IN THE KEWEENAW COPPER COUNTRY Between 1880 and 1920, on the copper-rich Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, over a dozen immigrant languages were displaced by English. In this paper, I consider how the practices of gender affected acquisition of English literacy and hence language displacement. I hope to provide insight into this important process of cultural assimilation (Gal 1979:2). To do so, I analyze a set of Keweenaw documents for the years 1910-1918, including School Superintendent reports, School Board minutes, school-related mine management memoranda, teacher notes, and personal writings -- texts that implicate gender differentiation as facilitating English literacy. From 1880, the Keweenaw was remarkable for linguistic multiplicity. Conditions encouraging first language retention were present yet the shift to English was complete in almost all social arenas within less than forty years. Language loss was accelerated by school curriculum designed to produce, as one manager wrote, "English-speaking American workers." Between 1912 and 1916, adult enrollments in "English for Foreigners" rose several hundred percent, with first generation females outnumbering males three to one. In public school beginning at age twelve, children were separated into gender-based skill-oriented programs. Girls spent eight hours in Domestic Science, boys, in Technical Training. Because English classes were offered within gender-differentiated programs, overall language demographics changed while specific conditions for language acquisition differed and primary social and territorial splits were maintained. Boys leaving school for the mines transformed below-ground linguistic plurality into English monolingualism. Girls left school later, fluent in "standard" English, for above-ground activities. Conclusion: Practices of gender stratified access to models of English (cf. Nichols 1983). Gender differentiation was a negotiated practice that affected acquisition of literacy. [2-04]

SMITH, Edward E., Jr. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) PALEOECOLOGY, TAPHONOMY, AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BUESCHING'S BOG MASTODON SITE, ALLEN COUNTY, NORTHEASTERN INDIANA The Buesching's Bog Mastodon site is a kettle bog located near Fort Wayne in Allen County, Indiana. The well-preserved remains of a nearly complete adult male mastodon (Mammut americanum) were recovered from a brown calcareous marl underlying a thick zone of peat and overlying sterile blue-gray clay. The mastodon was associated with late Pleistocene small vertebrate, molluscan, plant macrofossil, pollen, and fragmentary remains of a stag-moose (Cervalces). The mastodon remains were excavated systematically within a relatively compact bone bed. The assemblage contained both articulated and disarticulated elements. Approximately, 90% of the skeletal elements were recovered by hand excavation and machine-assisted wide-area stripping. The major skeletal elements not present within or near the bone bed include the pelvis and the bones of the right rear limb. The Buesching mastodon bears a number of striking similarities to other specimens in the Great Lakes region which have been interpreted to be the result of human processing and was investigated as a potential example of a cached butchered carcass. [3-13]

SMITH, Kimbra Leigh (University of Chicago) "REAL" PERUVIANS, REAL OUTSIDERS: TRANSLOCAL POLICE FAMILIES IN THE PERUVIAN NATIONAL SPACE In the 1980s, the Peruvian government undertook the reorganization of the national police force. Previously, newly trained young police officers were given long-term assignments, often of their choosing. New policies, however, mandated two-year assignments to a post. Every two years, police were to be reassigned anywhere within the national space; their families usually accompanied them in the move. This reorganization, ostensibly intended to reduce institutional corruption and to combat various government-perceived social ills, has led to the emergence of a translocal category of Peruvians who truly form an "imagined community." Through their constant motion through the national space, Peruvian police have become far more closely linked to "Peru" than to any one local space within its borders. With their families, they constitute an interacting, intermarrying pro-nationalist group that represents and defends Peru, both as a reality and as an ideal. Ironically, the ability to belong to the nation through constant motion within and familiarity with the national space denies police families access to the very categories of identification necessary to belonging within any local community, and local ties are absolutely essential to being respected within Peru. Police families may represent themselves, and be thought of , as Peruvian, but not as "one of us." The Peruvian government has thus created a nationalist group of "Peruvians" who are thought of as outsiders in every space within the Peruvian borders. The paper will consider the implications both for Peruvian nationalism and for the current hegemony of the nationalist paradigm within social/political theory. [3-03]

SOPER, Anne K. (Indiana University) RE-PRESENTING CARIBBEAN URBAN SPACE: THE CHANGING IMAGES OF CARIBBEAN PORT CITIES In order to complete the picture of changing economic focus and transforming urban structure of the Caribbean port city, a model which includes morphological features as well as the tourist space is presented in this paper. Model components are classified in terms of the general historical development of Caribbean cities and provide an explanation of contemporary urban roles. A thorough analysis of selected Caribbean cities, including the influence of tourism on urban morphology, will reveal a pattern of development trends which reflect government intentions to move away from a "locals only" central business district to a downtown which increasingly encourages tourist visitation and utilization through promotional actions. Conventional place promotion in the Caribbean has involved the natural island attributes of sun, sand, and surf. Presently, several Caribbean islands seek to go beyond familiar place promotions utilizing images of beautiful white sand beaches and proceed to marketing images of the Caribbean city as a lively, viable tourist destination. Case studies of several cities have been conducted in Charlestown, Nevis; Scarborough, Tobago; Port of Spain, Trinidad; Basseterre, St. Kitts; Bridgetown, Barbados; and Castries, St. Lucia. [1-02]

SPENNER, Ann (West Lafayette, Indiana) THINK LIKE AN ISLAND: THE CAUSEWAY CONNECTION Causeways connect islands and mainlands, the prototypic "high"-ways. Metaphoric and emotional causeways connect people and pets and ungodly goods. Ideological causeways link attitudes with malls and landfills, and, in the final analysis, with birth and death. This paper inspects the arterials which construct the conventional containers of culture: those notions linguistically endowed with labels. Arterial processes may also have labels, such as the verbs: reduce, reuse, recycle. Considering an island as a container with very concrete connections to the outside, it becomes evident that the three Rs do not suffice. One needs a fourth, that is, a first: resist. The island, as geography and metaphor, illustrates some pragmatic limits to causeway prediction and control. [2-01]

STROUT, Anna (Indiana University) ETHNOGRAPHIC VIDEO: "ANHELOS: AN IMMIGRANT LIFE IN THE U.S. MIDWEST" I propose to discuss and show pertinent clips from an ethnographic video I produced called "Anhelos: An Immigrant Life in the U. S. Midwest." I will focus on how I utilized the memories of one individual, Edith Marina, in representing the experiences of Latina/o immigrants in U. S. Midwestern communities. I will discuss how I framed, recreated, and manipulated footage to give shape and continuity to her poignant stories of the civil war in El Salvador and her struggle to gain acceptance in the small Midwestern town where she lives. Some points I will touch on as I encourage discussion are the tensions between authenticity and the need to create visually and emotionally appealing footage, the presentation of individual memory to portray collective experience, the role media and memory can play in attempts to reach a shared vision, promote healing and awareness, and mobilize communities for concerted action. I also am interested in issues revolving around providing a forum for the less heard voices and respecting what those voices have to say. A central concern is this: in selecting, sequencing, and illustrating a individual story, must memory be left alone, presented straight on, or can it be embellished, re-arranged, and/or paired with unrelated footage that gives the appearance of authenticity to create resonance in the viewing audience? [1-07]

SURFACE, Sarah L. (Indiana-Purdue Fort Wayne) STRATEGIES FOR PROCESSING CULTURAL AND NATURAL MATERIALS FROM SEDIMENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL WET SIEVING AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FLOTATION METHODS All sciences are dependent on their data sets for the formulation of theoretical models. However, there are many biasing factors acting on archaeological and paleontological data. Therefore, sampling strategies are a key determining factor in the formulation of rigorous hypotheses. Archaeologists and paleontologists employ different methods to sample sediments for microfaunal and microfloral remains. This paper presents a preliminary analysis on the effects of different sediment sampling techniques to prevent bias. Archaeological sediments used for this study were recovered from a Late Archaic site in the Bethlehem Bottoms, Clark County, Indiana. Paleontological sediments were recovered from a Late Tertiary sinkhole near Pipe Creek Jr., Point Isabel Quadrangle, Indiana. [3-13]

SWARTS, Erica D. (Ohio State University) BUYING FACE: THE COMMODIFICATION OF JAPANESE DEATH NAMES The egalitarian nature of Buddhism combined with the long Japanese history of class and social ranking makes for an interesting juxtaposition. My research, conducted in a rural village in northern Japan, examines this conflict between religious ideology and social reality by focusing on kaimyo, posthumous Buddhist names. Although the vast majority of Japanese claim not to be religious, most retain at least nominal affiliation with a local Buddhist temple for funerals and memorial rites. After receiving a donation from the deceased's family, the Buddhist priest writes the kaimyo. In recent years the amount of money involved has skyrocketed, and a sizable number of temples have price lists for more popular characters. These characters typically are viewed as conferring higher status on the dead. It is becoming increasingly common for people to work with a priest to choose their kaimyo before death, thereby assuring that they receive the characters (and status) they most desire. The kaimyo are highly visible indicators of social status, and as such play a significant role in the creation of identity and social status. Their presence on tombstones (public) and on memorial tablets enshrined in the family's home altar (private) encourages people to take a more active role in character selection. This paper will examine the various parts of kaimyo, such as the igo (rank indicator), and demonstrate how socio-economic aspects of Japanese culture override the "ideal culture" values of Buddhism. [3-09]

SWYERS, Holly (University of Chicago) THE WAY GOD INTENDED: MORAL PURITY IN THE BLEACHERS In 1999, the Chicago Cubs set a new attendance record for tiny Wrigley Field despite having a miserable record. The trendiest place to sit was the bleachers, where general admission seats were sold out for every game two months in advance. A steady stream of people in their mid 20s - early 30s made the bleachers and the surrounding area feel like an outgrowth of a college fraternity party, much to the annoyance of the long-term bleacher regulars. For the bleacher regulars, Wrigley Field is a cathedral, a sacred place. It is the site for community gathering, and of course, for baseball. Both activities are taken very seriously, and failure to understand either or both makes a person a "yuppie," a word invested with deep contempt and insult value by the regulars. This paper explores how bleacher regulars construct moral purity and how anyone accepted as a regular is believed to have this purity. I will begin to outline how the regulars distinguish themselves from others and establish themselves as a community - as they believe, one of the last bastions of true community in the United States. By establishing an understanding of how moral purity acts to create this sense of community, I will continue work to establish an analytic framework for thinking seriously about community generally. [2-02]

TANKERSLEY, Kenneth B. (Kent State University) INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM: A REVIEW OF EARLY PALEOINDIAN RESEARCH IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Interpretations of Paleo-Indian economy in eastern North America are plagued by confusion in the complexities of variation and change in the late Pleistocene environment. This situation results from an exaggerated and mistaken trust in typology and surficial contexts. Base-line data should come from deeply buried sites with well-dated stratigraphy and high-resolution paleontological and paleobotanical remains. In eastern North America, such fine-grained information is available only from a handful of sites. Although sparse, the data point to regional adaptations to changing magnitude of environmental variability. [3-13]

THORNBURG Jack (Benedictine University) ALL IN THE FAMILY: COMMON PROPERTY AND BANANA FARMERS IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY In much of the Third World land tenure arrangements are a serious component of rural development projects as well as government efforts to increase the production of agricultural export commodities. It is generally agreed by most development specialists that private property ownership is the most efficient tenure arrangement for meeting this goal. The underlying assumption is that clearly defined and transferable property rights operates to reassure the landholder of the rewards of his/her agricultural labor and is thus a motivator for increased investment in productive efficiency. Additionally, the operation of a land market ensures that land resources are efficiently used or, through various mechanisms, transferred to those who are productive. In many parts of the Third World, however, considerable amounts of land remain under non-private ownership, generally referred to as common property. This tenure form remains significant in South Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. There are two problems associated with common property: Garrett Hardin's "tragedy of the commons" and the issue of tenure insecurity. In both cases negative consequences are assumed such as environmental degradation and limited investment in land resources. This paper examines these assumptions by analyzing common property in St. Lucia in the West Indies in terms of the export market. After considering both quantitative and ethnographic data, the conclusion reached is that while property owned in common does not appear as productive as private title property, common property farmers are productive and engaged in the international export market. There are a number of reasons, both historical and structural, that account for production and investment differentials between tenure forms. Additionally, a major positive benefit of West Indian common property is that it allows greater access to land resources for more people than private property regimes. The paper thus calls for government to consider common property as a form of "public good" and modify agricultural policy to accommodate its limitations. [3-02]

TIRODKAR, Manasi (University of Chicago) CULTURAL CONCEPTIONS OF HEALTH: CASTE, GENDER, AND MORALITY IN ORISSA, INDIA Research has shown that people of higher social status have better health and well-being than people of lower social status. However, previous theories (Kleinman, 1986; Shweder, et al., 1997) argue persuasively that individuals' experiences and self-reports of both physical and mental health are mediated by culturally-specific social categories and beliefs. Thus, in the U. S., socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood of residence are salient categories that account for social status. In rural India, caste and gender distinctions account for significant differences in social status. Caste structure is not only a social hierarchy, but also a religious hierarchy that is likely to account for differences in morals and beliefs. Thus, it is expected that people from different castes will think about their health differently. Menon (1995) has shown that gender-specific notions of responsibility and social roles have direct effects on well-being among women in rural Orissa. Based on these expectations and findings, the first purpose of this study is to explore how caste interacts with gender-specific notions of health to effect reports of health and well-being in Orissa, India. According to Shweder et al. (1997), moral explanations of suffering and moral therapies account for the most salient forms of explanation and cure in the world. Thus, the second purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which Oriya people's conceptions of health are framed in terms of a moral discourse. [1-09]

VAN DE GEER, Juliette (Ursinus College) GENDER ROLES IN CHILD REARING PRACTICES AMONG THE OLD ORDER AMISH Many people have suggested that Amish society is sexist, and while there is clear validity to this viewpoint, it oversimplifies a very complex situation. As the result of living on an Amish farm for eight weeks under the auspices of an Ursinus College Summer Research Fellowship, I was given the privilege of observing first hand the interaction of men and women with each other. I was able to observe husbands with wives, fathers with daughters, and male members of the society with female members of the society. Amish women are taught to defer to men. They are urged to listen to their father when they are small and encouraged to support their husbands after they are married. Gender roles are clearly and distinctively defined in most aspects of Amish life, but there are some places where despite a clear gender differences, a significant amount of equality exists nonetheless. The most equalitarian aspect of Amish life is in the realm of child rearing. Whether they are working in the fields or worshiping during a church service, both men and women have equal responsibilities when it comes to raising their children. The Amish believe that raising children to become members of the church is so important that they must work in harmony in order to provide the best possibility of success. This paper will analyze gender roles among the Amish with the hope that the underlying reasons for both inequality and equality of gender roles becomes evident. [2-04]

VANDERPLOUGH, Jonathan R. (College of Wooster) LITHICS AND PREHISTORIC ECONOMY IN KNOX COUNTY, OHIO: ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS FROM THE ACTON SITE (33-KN-395) For a number of years the Kokosing River Basin Archaeological Survey has sought to identify a number of the prehistoric sites hypothesized to be located within Knox County, in central Ohio. One site identified through this effort is the Acton site (33-KN-395). Excavations, beginning in 1991, yielded immediate results. Both high amounts of flaked stone artifacts, as well as a small number of ceramic pieces, were recovered from the site. This paper attempts to create a model for the use of the Acton site by prehistoric groups; the role of the Acton site within the region; a technological, as well as functional, study of the lithic artifacts, including a brief microwear analysis; and an examination of on-site resource utilization. [3-02]

VOGELBACHER, Jutta (Ball State University) EDUCATED IN INTIMACY Within the culture of romance, but insufficiently explored, lies the fundamental aspect of intimacy. According to Holland's and Skinner's cultural model of romance when an attractive guy meets an attractive girl the man learns to appreciate the girl's qualities. He shows desire by treating her well, and she reciprocates by appreciating his qualities and by taking care of him, thus allowing the relationship to move to a different level. The Holland and Skinner model, however, does not cover the development of this most important component of romance, intimacy. Becoming intimate, emotionally and physically, marks a desirable final status, but rests within a tacit dimension. The ability to perform intimacy on an emotional level, (i.e., sharing deeply held thoughts, desires, and fears) does not come automatically simply by being in a relationship, or by being romantically involved. The degree to which intimacy can be acted out moreover depends on the possibilities of learning about intimacy in an environment suited for such explorations. So, how does a person, in particular a woman, learn to be intimate? What are the criteria and the mechanics women propose and use? A group of five girls living together on a college campus in a Midwestern university frame the ethnographical background conducted over two years. The means and the processes of living together as a group of females providing friendship and nurture for each other will serve as a demonstration for how women learn about, and explore the world of intimacy. [1-03]

VOGT, Emily A. (University of Chicago) THE ROLE OF THE ANCIEN REGIME FOR CONTEMPORARY WHITE MARTINICAN ELITES Local Martinican whites who descend from members of the original planter class form a tightly knit and elite group. Many of them believe that their group continues to exist today because their ancestors "escaped" the French Revolution. While whites in St. Domingue and Guadeloupe were beheaded and slavery was temporarily abolished in French colonies during the Revolution, Martinique became an English possession, and thus avoided such a fate. A half century later, slavery was permanently abolished, and the fundamental consequences of the Revolution -- modernity, liberalism, democracy, etc. -- threatened the elite status of the group. Yet by maintaining a belief that the Revolution, and by extension its consequences, were avoided, this group's elite position finds legitimacy in its origins in pre-Revolutionary colonial Martinique. Since membership in the group partially depends on the ability of its members to trace their ancestry back to the era before the Revolution, it is exclusionary and thus serves as a line of differentiation from the rest of the population, most of whom were not granted full and equal membership in society until after the Revolution and the abolition of slavery. This paper discusses the ramifications of having origins in ancien regime French colonial culture, and then argues that such a myth of origin, grounded in a firm commitment to a locality and a belief in solidly grounded roots, directly and deliberately counters theories popular among local intellectuals about the complex, fluid, and global nature of creole cultures. [3-09]

WILLIAMS, Jay M. (University of Chicago) THE DRUM IN MODERN AMERICAN INDIAN IDENTITY Today the powwow is viewed as the most ubiquitous form of public America Indian ritual. It is a forum for the expression and reinforcement of both tribally specific identity and Indian identity. The larger powwows draw thousands of participants and spectators from dozens of Indian nations. The powwow is at once a celebration and creation of Indian identity and community. Friends, competitors and relatives are brought together at powwows. Relationships are formed or kindled which draw connections across the entire United States and into Canada. Both family and nation are celebrated through giveaways, honor songs, tribal specific regalia and countless other aspects of the powwow. However, very little has been written on an important aspect of the powwow, the drum. Perhaps, it is overlooked due to the presence of more visual representations of identity, the dancers and their regalia. The drum is also a powerful agent for the formation of community and identity. Sub-communities form around each drum, traveling and practicing together. The songs as well, belong to individuals or families and often can be traced back hundreds of years to the pre-contact exploits they describe. Arguably the central feature of the powwow, the drum itself is often described as "the heart beat of Mother Earth" or "the heart beat of the powwow." Inquiry into the nature of the drum reveals, though varied from nation to nation, ideas of healing power, anthropomorphic characteristics, kinship and perhaps its liminality between the physical world and a spiritual plane. Whether understood as a segment of a larger belief system or as a secular instrument, the powwow drum is, especially for urban Indians, near the heart of Indian identity. [3-12]

WINTHER, Rasmus (Indiana University) PROJECTING INTO ERROR: CONFLICTING PERSPECTIVES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BIOLOGY In The Origin of Species, published in 1859, Charles Darwin argued for both the genealogical connection of all species and natural selection as the engine of diversity among species. In this and subsequent work Darwin was arguing against two kinds of "special creationists": ministers of the natural theological tradition (such as William Paley and various authors of the Bridgewater Treatises) and biologists of the transcendental morphological tradition (such as Louis Agassiz and Richard Owen). A generation later, in the late 1880's and 1890's, August Weismann argued against the Neo-Lamarckians, especially Herbert Spencer. In a series of technical and popular essays, as well as in his 1892 book The Germ-Plasm, Weismann championed his germ-plasm theory and criticized the inheritance of acquired characters. Both Darwin and Weismann employed many of the same rhetorical strategies to discredit the perspectives they were resisting. These strategies involved temporarily adopting the perspective, special creationism or Neo-Lamarckism, imaging predictions and explanations that would stem from the perspective, and then abandoning the perspective in favor of their own by showing the deficiencies of these predictions and explanations. An analysis of the strategies Darwin and Weismann used situates them in the argumentative practices of their historical period and provides an examination of scientific discourse. [1-12]

WOOD, William Warner (Johns Hopkins University) THE BODY AS TRANSLOCALITY: LATE CAPITALISM'S DISCIPLINING OF ZAPOTEC WEAVERS Zapotec textile production is fully enmeshed in the transnational articulations and flows typical of late capitalism. And Teotitlá del Valle, where many Zapotec weavers live and work, is a translocality -- simultaneously in Southern Mexico and in the American Southwest (locales of the transnational production and consumption of Zapotec textiles). As such, Zapotec weavers as well as their physical labor and bodily knowledge are the object of late-capitalist disciplinary regimes. This paper explores how Zapotec weavers, their bodies, and, following Mauss, the techniques du corps that are a part of their embodied weaving knowledge, as social facts, are also translocalities. [2-03]

ZIEGLER, Elizabeth (Beloit College) RECONSIDERING RESONANCE AND WONDER IN TWO LOCAL MUSEUMS Recent ethnographic research on museums as sites for the study of culture has greatly enhanced our awareness of how museums shape our understanding of the objects they display. As a person visits a museum, s/he participates in a ritual by contributing to the system of collecting, exhibiting, and viewing objects. The majority of such ethnographic research focuses on major public museums in Europe and the United States. These museums possess culturally significant and monetarily valuable collections housed in large, impressive buildings. In this paper I seek to expand this perspective to include small private museum communities. Using Greenblatt's (1989) concepts of resonance and wonder, I look at the cultural and ritual aspects of small museums using data gathered from two local museums in Beloit, Wisconsin. Based on this research, I suggest that resonance and wonder develop through the architecture of the museum building, the exhibition techniques used inside, and the explanations provided by volunteer docents and museum guides. I argue that all objects displayed ranging from the personal objects of a noteworthy local individual to exotic artifacts from distant places and cultures evoke feelings of resonance and wonder when placed within the context of the museum. [2-11]